Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride–methanol

This document represents the first collaboration between 2 organizations-the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Society of Critical Care Medicine-to describe best practices in nutrition therapy in critically ill children. The target of these guidelines is intended to be the pediatric critically ill patient (>1 month and 2-3 days in a PICU admitting medical, surgical, and cardiac patients. In total, 2032 citations were scanned for relevance. The PubMed/MEDLINE search resulted in 960 citations for clinical trials and 925 citations for cohort studies. The EMBASE search for clinical trials culled 1661 citations. In total, the search for clinical trials yielded 1107 citations, whereas the cohort search yielded 925. After careful review, 16 randomized controlled trials and 37 cohort studies appeared to answer 1 of the 8 preidentified question groups for this guideline. We used the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to adjust the evidence grade based on assessment of the quality of study design and execution. These guidelines are not intended for neonates or adult patients. The guidelines reiterate the importance of nutrition assessment-particularly, the detection of malnourished patients who are most vulnerable and therefore may benefit from timely intervention. There is a need for renewed focus on accurate estimation of energy needs and attention to optimizing protein intake. Indirect calorimetry, where feasible, and cautious use of estimating equations and increased surveillance for unintended caloric underfeeding and overfeeding are recommended. Optimal protein intake and its correlation with clinical outcomes are areas of great interest. The optimal route and timing of nutrient delivery are areas of intense debate and investigations. Enteral nutrition remains the preferred route for nutrient delivery. Several strategies to optimize enteral nutrition during critical illness have emerged. The role of supplemental parenteral nutrition has been highlighted, and a delayed approach appears to be beneficial. Immunonutrition cannot be currently recommended. Overall, the pediatric critical care population is heterogeneous, and a nuanced approach to individualizing nutrition support with the aim of improving clinical outcomes is necessary.

Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.)

Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury.

https://www.doils.net/v1/links/836150.pdf

n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases

The thiobarbituric acid reaction and the autoxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.

The ratio of trienoic: tetraenoic acids in tissue lipids as a measure of essential fatty acid requirement.

The effect of dose level of essential fatty acids upon fatty acid composition of the rat liver.

Weanling rats were fed a fat-free diet supplemented with various ratios of corn and linseed oils to furnish a constant dietary level of linolenate at 1% of calories and levels of linoleate from 0.3 to 17.3% of calories. The fatty acid composition of the total liver lipids was analyzed by gas chromatography. Increasing amounts of dietary linoleate suppressed the levels of the 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6 metabo lites of linolenic acid in the liver lipids. The level of dietary vitamin E had no effect upon this phenomenon. When the level of dietary linoleate was increased, the level of 22:4 in the liver lipids, as well as the other metabolites of linoleate, was shown to increase.

Effect of Linolenic Acid Upon the Metabolism of Linoleic Acid

Although linoleic and linolenic acids have been known to be necessary for normal growth and dermal function since 1930, the omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFA) have not received much attention until recently. The two families of acids are metabolized by the same enzymes, making them competitive. Gross deficiencies of omega 6 plus omega 3 EFA have been observed in humans, induced by attempts at total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with preparations devoid of lipids. Deficiency of omega 3 acids has been induced by TPN containing high omega 6 and low omega 3 fatty acids. In natural human populations, a wide range of omega 3 and omega 6 proportions have been found, ranging from high omega 3 and low omega 6 content to low omega 3 and high omega 6 content, showing inverse correlation between sigma omega 6 and sigma omega 3. In humans with neuropathy or impairment of the immune system, significant deficits of omega 3 EFA have been measured.

Ralph T. Holman

Papers

The thiobarbituric acid reaction and the autoxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.

The ratio of trienoic: tetraenoic acids in tissue lipids as a measure of essential fatty acid requirement.

The effect of dose level of essential fatty acids upon fatty acid composition of the rat liver.

Effect of Linolenic Acid Upon the Metabolism of Linoleic Acid

The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health.