Approximate computing is an emerging trend in digital design that trades off the requirement of exact computation for improved speed and power performance. This paper proposes novel approximate compressors and an algorithm to exploit them for the design of efficient approximate multipliers. By using the proposed approach, we have synthesized approximate multipliers for several operand lengths using a 40-nm library. Comparison with previously presented approximated multipliers shows that the proposed circuits provide better power or speed for a target precision. Applications to image filtering and to adaptive least mean squares filtering are also presented in the paper.

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Approximate Multipliers Based on New Approximate Compressors

Internet of things (IoT) is a very unique platform which is getting very popular day by day. The very reason for this to happen is the advancement in technology and its ability to get linked to everything. This feature of getting linked has in itself provided multiple opportunities and a vast scope of development. The fact that technology in various fields has evolved through the years, is the reason why we observe a rapid change in the shape, size and capacity of various instruments, components and the products used in daily life. And this benefit of simplified technology when accompanied by a platform like IoT eases the work as well as benefits both the manufacturer and the end user. The Internet of Things gives us an opportunity to construct effective administrations, applications for manufacturing, lifesaving solutions, proper cultivation and more. This paper proposes an extensive overview of the IoT technology and its varied applications in life saving, smart cities, agricultural, industrial etc. by reviewing the recent research works and its related technologies. It also accounts the comparison of IoT with M2M, points out some disadvantages of IoT. Furthermore, a detailed exploration of the existing protocols and security issues that would enable such applications is elaborated. Potential future research directions, open areas and challenges faced in the IoT framework are also summarized.

IoT Technology, Applications and Challenges: A Contemporary Survey

This work aims to show how to manage heterogeneous information and data coming from real datasets that collect physical, biological, and sensory values. As productive companies—public or private, large or small—need increasing profitability with costs reduction, discovering appropriate ways to exploit data that are continuously recorded and made available can be the right choice to achieve these goals. The agricultural field is only apparently refractory to the digital technology and the “smart farm” model is increasingly widespread by exploiting the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm applied to environmental and historical information through time-series. The focus of this study is the design and deployment of practical tasks, ranging from crop harvest forecasting to missing or wrong sensors data reconstruction, exploiting and comparing various machine learning techniques to suggest toward which direction to employ efforts and investments. The results show how there are ample margins for innovation while supporting requests and needs coming from companies that wish to employ a sustainable and optimized agriculture industrial business, investing not only in technology, but also in the knowledge and in skilled workforce required to take the best out of it.

Machine Learning Applications on Agricultural Datasets for Smart Farm Enhancement

Approximate multipliers attract a large interest in the scientific literature that proposes several circuits built with approximate 4-2 compressors. Due to the large number of proposed solutions, the designer who wishes to use an approximate 4-2 compressor is faced with the problem of selecting the right topology. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey and comparison of approximate 4-2 compressors previously proposed in literature. We present also a novel approximate compressor, so that a total of twelve different approximate 4-2 compressors are analyzed. The investigated circuits are employed to design $8\times 8$ and $16\times 16$ multipliers, implemented in 28nm CMOS technology. For each operand size we analyze two multiplier configurations, with different levels of approximations, both signed and unsigned. Our study highlights that there is no unique winning approximate compressor topology since the best solution depends on the required precision, on the signedness of the multiplier and on the considered error metric.

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Comparison and Extension of Approximate 4-2 Compressors for Low-Power Approximate Multipliers

A–Z survey of Internet of Things: Architectures, protocols, applications, recent advances, future directions and recommendations

This paper presents the design of approximate 15-4 compressor using 5-3 compressors as basic module. Four different types of approximate 5-3 compressors are used in a 15-4 compressor for less power consumption and high pass rate. We have analysed the results in all the cases. A $16 \times 16$ bit multiplier is simulated using the proposed 15-4 compressor. Simulation results show that the multipliers with proposed approximate compressors achieve significant improvement in power as compared to the multipliers with accurate 15-4 compressor. Pass rate of the proposed multipliers are high as compared to other existing approximate multipliers. Finally, the proposed multiplier is used in image processing applications, where the peak signal to noise ratio of the image is measured. Quality of the image is compared with an accurate multiplier and the obtained results show that our proposed multiplier performs better than existing approximate multiplier.

Design and Analysis of Multiplier Using Approximate 15-4 Compressor

Performance evaluation of water and air based PVT solar collector for hydrogen production application

A critical review and analysis on techniques of speech recognition: The road ahead

This paper targeted to reduce the Queue at a billing counter in a shopping complex. The system does the same by displaying the total price of the product kept inside the cart. In this way the customer can directly pay the amount at the billing counter and leave with the commodities he/she has bought. It eliminates the traditional scanning of products at the counter and in turn speeds up the entire process of shopping, also with this system the customer shall know the total amount to be paid and hence can accordingly plan his shopping only buying the essential commodities resulting in enhanced savings. Since the entire process of billing is automated it reduces the possibility of human error substantially. Also the system has a feature to delete the scanned products to further optimize the shopping experience of the customer. The hardware for the test run is based on the Arduino platform and Xbee modules, as both are very popular in small-scale research and wireless automation solution.

Smart Shopping Cart

This paper presents a low power and high speed 15-4 Compressor for digital signal processing applications. A new 5-3 compressor also proposed which is faster and also consumes less power than the conventional 5-3 compressor. This proposed 5-3 compressor is utilized in 15-4 compressor which will results in low power and high speed. Proposed 15-4 compressor is 11.01% faster and power consumption is reduced by 8.7%.

Ramalatha Marimuthu

Papers

Design and Analysis of Multiplier Using Approximate 15-4 Compressor

Performance evaluation of water and air based PVT solar collector for hydrogen production application

A critical review and analysis on techniques of speech recognition: The road ahead

Smart Shopping Cart

Design of high speed and low power 15-4 compressor