Sensors for process and structural health monitoring of aerospace composites: A review

Graphene has become an important research focus in many current fields of science including composite manufacturing. Developmental work in the field of graphene-enhanced composites has revealed several functional and structural characteristics that promise great benefits for their use in a broad range of applications. There has been much interest in the production of multiscale high-performance, lightweight, yet robust, multifunctional graphene-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer (gFRP) composites. Although there are many reports that document performance enhancement in materials through the inclusion of graphene nanomaterials into a matrix, or its integration onto the reinforcing fiber component, only a few graphene-based products have actually made the transition to the marketplace. The primary focus of this work concerns the structural gFRPs and discussion on the corresponding manufacturing methodologies for the effective incorporation of graphene into these systems. Another important aspect of this work is to present recent results and highlight the excellent functional and structural properties of the resulting gFRP materials with a view to their future applications. Development of clear standards for the assessment of graphene material properties, improvement of existing materials and scalable manufacturing technologies, and specific regulations concerning human health and environmental safety are key factors to accelerate the successful commercialization of gFRPs.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/advs.201903501

Evolving Strategies for Producing Multiscale Graphene-Enhanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Smart Structural Applications

The 3D printing technology is known as a core technology in the third industrial revolution. The 3D printing structures are more popular and used as key components of products, so that monitoring health of 3D printing structures is particularly important. Moreover, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is a new type of sensing technology, and FBG sensors have its unique advantages so that they have great application prospects in monitoring health of structures. FBG sensors were embedded inside a 3D printing structure, which strain variation is monitored by the FBG sensors during the loading process in this paper. Comparison was carried out between the measured and theoretical results to investigate thoroughly validity and reliability of the embedded FBG sensors for monitoring health of the 3D printing structure. Test results show that the embedded FBG sensors may be utilized to effectively monitor the strain variation of the 3D printing structure during the loading process; the measured and theoretical results show a good agreement and the straightness may be up to above 0.9998, so that the reliability is very good. Our results can also be guidance for monitoring health of 3D print structures.

Application of Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors in Monitoring Health to 3D Printing Structures

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Composite Airframe Structures Practical Design Information And Data

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https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00361_4.x

Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions

This paper describes the process of developing a smart material with monitoring application to the aircraft structures. A part of vertical stabilizer was selected and reproduced using carbon fiber honeycomb core sandwich panels. The sandwich panels reproduced were fabricated in accordance to the generic sandwich structure and aviation industry standards, including the materials and also the method of construction. Using a carbon fiber from Hexcel as the face-sheet, Nomex honeycomb as the core, the sandwich panel was cured using Hysol EA9330 resin according to aviation industry standard curing process. In order to make the sandwich panel as smart materials, optical sensor which has fiber bragg grating arrays, FBG, were embedded between the carbon fiber plies during the lay-out process. Using an FBG data logger, the FBG sensor signals were read before and after the FBG arrays were installed in the sandwich panels. From the initial measurement, the experiment was a success since the FBG sensors were readable and the difference in the signals was less than 1 nm. In the future, the specimen will be used for further experiment for measuring strains and establishing the existence of damage in the panel.

Using Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors in Smart Aircraft Structure Materials

A study of the effect of canard to Baseline-II blended wing-body aircraft is presented here with emphasis on investigating contributions of canard's various setting angle to aerodynamic parameters and longitudinal static stability A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation has been conducted at low subsonic speed to collect aerodynamic data and found that its aerodynamic trend is similar to many BWB aircraft and consistent to previous studies conducted in UiTM Canard setting angle affects the value of lift-at-zero incidence of a BWB aircraft, although fairly small for current canard size that it is not adequate to produce positive pitching moment-at-zero lift Baseline-II is partially, statically stable in longitudinal motion because of negative moment change wrt lift change but it has equilibrium incidence angle that only produces negative lift Larger canard and/or modification to Baseline-II wing-body are needed to overcome this flaw The location of new reference point provides ‘comfortable’ static margin Data and mathematical characteristic obtained from BL-IIA SP CFD simulation is comparable to those from wind tunnel experiment and both show satisfactory-to-good correlation to theoretical calculations

Static stability of Baseline-II blended wing- body aircraft at low subsonic speed: Investigation via computational fluid dynamics simulation

This paper describes the use of embedded Fiber Brag Grating (FBG) sensor in the honeycomb core carbon fiber sandwich panel in smart composite materials for the application of monitoring the structural integrity of an aircraft. A part of vertical stabilizer was selected and reproduced using carbon fiber honeycomb core sandwich panels. The sandwich panel was fabricated in accordance to the generic sandwich structure and aviation industry standards, including the materials and also the method of construction. Using a carbon fiber from Hexcel as the face-sheet, Nomex honeycomb as the core, the sandwich panel was cured using Hysol EA9330 resin according to a standard curing process in the aviation industry. In order to make the sandwich panel as smart materials, optical sensor which has fiber bragg grating arrays, FBG, were embedded between the carbon fiber plies during the lay-out process. Using an FBG data logger and Instron 8802 Universal Testing Machine, the panel was subjected to flexural load and the FBG sensor signals were read at the load interval of 0.2 kN. From the experiment the results were taken and data was plotted and it shows that the FBG signals responded well to the load applied. In the future, the specimen will be used for further experiment for measuring strains and establishing the existence of damage in the panel.

Embedded FBG Sensor in Aircraft Smart Composite Materials for Structural Monitoring

Registration of land title evidences an indefeasible ownership. However, many people have become victims of fraud. Due to the increase in fraud and the weaknesses of the registration system in the country, this study aims to provide solution to the problem. The paper highlights the controversy surrounding indefeasibility and the concept of federalism in the land administration systems in Malaysia. The electronic land systems and fraud prevention measures in the country are also analysed. While other jurisdictions have title assurance fund, it is not available in Malaysia. Thus, this paper suggests the tightening of the security measures to prevent fraud.

https://ebpj.e-iph.co.uk/index.php/EBProceedings/article/download/988/pdf

Land Registration of Titles at Stake: West and East Malaysia Compared

In this paper, a study of aerodynamic characteristics of UiTM's Blended-Wing-Body Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (BWB-UAV) Baseline-II in terms of side force, drag force and yawing moment coefficients are presented through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. A vertical rudder is added to the aircraft at the rear centre part of the fuselage as yawing control surface. The study consists of varying the side slip angles for various rudder deflection angles and to plot the results for each aerodynamic parameter. The comparison with other yawing control surface for the same aircraft obtained previously are also presented. For validation purpose, the lift and drag coefficients are compared with the results obtained from wind tunnel experiments.

Ramzyzan Ramly

Papers

Using Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors in Smart Aircraft Structure Materials

Static stability of Baseline-II blended wing- body aircraft at low subsonic speed: Investigation via computational fluid dynamics simulation

Embedded FBG Sensor in Aircraft Smart Composite Materials for Structural Monitoring

Land Registration of Titles at Stake: West and East Malaysia Compared

Aerodynamic of uitm's blended-wing-body unmanned aerial vehicle baseline-ii equipped with one central vertical rudder