統計年鑑 = Statistical yearbook

This article analyzes how Central American immigrants in tenuous legal statuses experience current immigration laws. Based on ethnographic observations and over 200 interviews conducted between 1998 and 2009 with immigrants in Los Angeles and Phoenix and individuals in sending communities, this study reveals how the convergence and implementation of immigration and criminal law constitute forms of violence. Drawing on theories of structural and symbolic violence, the authors use the analytic category “legal violence” to capture the normalized but cumulatively injurious effects of the law. The analysis focuses on three central and interrelated areas of immigrants’ lives—work, family, and schooling—to expose how the criminalization of immigrants at the federal, state, and local levels is not only exclusionary but also generates violent effects for individual immigrants and their families, affecting everyday lives and long-term incorporation processes.

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Legal violence: immigration law and the lives of Central American immigrants

The Latino threat: constructing immigrants, citizens, and the nation : Leo R. Chavez, Stanford University Press 2008. 272 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0804759342 ()

In this article, we combine aspects of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Disability Studies (DS) to propose a new theoretical framework that incorporates a dual analysis of race and ability: Dis/ability Critical Race Studies, or DisCrit. We first examine some connections between the interdependent constructions of race and dis/ability in education and society in the United States and why we find it necessary to add another branch to Critical Race Theory and Disability Studies. Next, we outline the tenets of DisCrit, calling attention to its potential value as well as elucidate some tensions, cautions, and current limitations within DisCrit. Finally, we suggest ways in which DisCrit can be used in relation to moving beyond the contemporary impasse of researching race and dis/ability within education and other fields.

Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability

■ The U.S. foreign-born population grew 57.4 percent in the 1990s; by 2000 nearly onethird of U.S. immigrants resided outside established settlement states. Thirteen states primarily in the West and Southeast—including many that had not previously been major destinations for immigrants—saw foreign-born growth rates more than double the national average. These states included, Colorado, Georgia, Nevada, and North Carolina. ■ Historical settlement patterns along with recent influxes of immigrants have produced six major types of U.S. immigrant “gateways.” Former gateways, like Cleveland and Buffalo, attracted immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do. Continuous gateways such as New York and Chicago are long-established destinations for immigrants and continue to receive large numbers of the foreign-born. Post-World War II gateways like Los Angeles and Miami began attracting immigrants on a grand scale during the past 50 years. Atlanta, Dallas, and Washington, D.C., meanwhile, stand out as emerging gateways with fast immigrant growth during the past 20 years. Seattle and the Twin Cities—places that began the 20 th century with strong immigrant pulls—waned as destinations during the middle of the century, but are now re-emerging as important immigrant gateways. Finally, Salt Lake City and Raleigh-Durham are very recent immigrant destinations, having attracted significant numbers of immigrants in the 1990s alone. These are the pre-emerging gateways. ■ Newly emerging immigrant gateways experienced rapid growth of both the foreignand native-born between 1980 and 2000, while the more established gateways experienced slower percentage growth of both—albeit from a larger base population. The continuous gateways, for example, would have lost population or stagnated absent the arrival of the foreign-born. By contrast, emerging and pre-emerging gateways exhibited strong population growth while also watching their foreign-born populations surge by as much as 817 percent (Atlanta) and 709 percent (Raleigh-Durham) over the two decades. ■ By 2000 more immigrants in metropolitan areas lived in suburbs than cities, and their growth rates there exceeded those in the cities. Most notably, immigrants in emerging gateways are far more likely to live in the suburbs than in central cities. ■ Recent arrivals to the newest immigrant gateways tend to come from Asia or Mexico, are poorer than the native-born population, and have low English proficiency and lower rates of U.S. citizenship. By contrast, continuous and post-World War II gateways have longer-residing immigrant populations, immigrant poverty rates similar to those of the native population, and relatively higher rates of naturalization, although English proficiency remains low. Findings An analysis of immigration to metropolitan areas during the 20 th century using U.S. Census data reveals that:

The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways

U.S. schools are experiencing rapid demographic change due to high levels of immigration, while they at the same time they are implementing the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. NCLB holds schools accountable for the performance of limited English proficient (LEP) children and other groups that include many children of immigrants. This report describes the demographics of children of immigrants, and the considerable overlap among NCLB's protected groups: LEPs, low-income students, blacks, Hispanics and Asians. The report describes variations in characteristics among children with parents born in different countries, and discusses implications for NCLB implementation in high-LEP schools and districts. [View the corresponding press release ]

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The New Demography of America's Schools: Immigration and the No Child Left Behind Act.

This report examines the consequences of parental arrest, detention, and deportation on 190 children in 85 families in six locations, providing in-depth details on parent-child separations, economic hardships, and children's well-being. The contentious immigration debates around the country mostly revolve around illegal immigration. Less visible have been the 5.5 million children with unauthorized parents, almost three-quarters of whom are U.S.-born citizens. Over several years, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) intensified enforcement activities through large-scale worksite arrests, home arrests, and arrests by local law enforcement. The report provides recommendations for stakeholders to mitigate the harmful effects of immigration enforcement on children.

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Facing Our Future: Children in the Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement.

According to the 2000 Census, roughly one in five young children (children under the age of six) in the United States is the child of an immigrant; one in four low-income children (children living in families with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty level) is the child of an immigrant Children of immigrants are the fastest growing segment of the nation’s child population By the year 2020, it is estimated that almost 30 percent of all children in the United States will have one or more foreign-born parentsComparatively little is known about this population Young children of immigrants differ in some important ways from immigrant children more generally These differences stem from the fact that young children of immigrants are more likely to be born in the United States and to be citizens living in what we term mixed-status families Citizenship is an important protective factor for young children, since citizenship entitles them to receive public benefits and services on the same terms as children of natives At the same time, though, young children of immigrants are more likely than older children to be born into families with younger parents who arrived in the United States relatively recently Many of these immigrant parents are ineligible for federal public benefits' as are the small share of their children who are foreign born All these characteristics represent potential risk factors in child development Protective factors are also in place Young children of immigrants are more likely to live in two-parent families than children of natives, especially low-income children

The report is divided into six broad sections The first provides an overview of immigration trends and their effects on the composition of the young child population The second section discusses poverty, family structure, and parental work patterns The third section of the report explores the educational attainment and English proficiency of immigrant parents, and their potential effect on children’s school performance The fourth section examines hardship rates and benefits receipt The fifth section analyzes health status and health insurance coverage The final section of the report is devoted to child care arrangements; reporting child care findings for children age under age 3 and those age 3 to 5

The health and well-being of young children of immigrants

This report hopes to fill some of the knowledge gaps in the current immigration debate by describing the unauthorized population nationally and in California and Los Angeles?the state and urban area with the largest numbers of these immigrants. Unauthorized immigrants numbered 2.45 million in California in 2004, representing almost one-quarter (24 percent) of the nation's total (10.3 million). There are about 1 million unauthorized immigrants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, almost twice the number of any other metro area; the unauthorized are one-tenth of the area's population (10 million). The report presents findings about these populations, including their socio-economic characteristics, such as national origin, education, employment, and poverty.

The Characteristics of Unauthorized Immigrants in California, Los Angeles County, and the United States

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Randy Capps

Papers

The New Demography of America's Schools: Immigration and the No Child Left Behind Act.

Facing Our Future: Children in the Aftermath of Immigration Enforcement.

The health and well-being of young children of immigrants

The Characteristics of Unauthorized Immigrants in California, Los Angeles County, and the United States

Children of Immigrants: National and State Characteristics. Brief 9, August 2009.