The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

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Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally controlled grid of the 20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the 21st Century. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.

/pdf/smart-grid-technologies-communication-technologies-and-1t7ewfweku.pdf

Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

This paper proposes a novel load management solution for coordinating the charging of multiple plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in a smart grid system. Utilities are becoming concerned about the potential stresses, performance degradations and overloads that may occur in distribution systems with multiple domestic PEV charging activities. Uncontrolled and random PEV charging can cause increased power losses, overloads and voltage fluctuations, which are all detrimental to the reliability and security of newly developing smart grids. Therefore, a real-time smart load management (RT-SLM) control strategy is proposed and developed for the coordination of PEV charging based on real-time (e.g., every 5 min) minimization of total cost of generating the energy plus the associated grid energy losses. The approach reduces generation cost by incorporating time-varying market energy prices and PEV owner preferred charging time zones based on priority selection. The RT-SLM algorithm appropriately considers random plug-in of PEVs and utilizes the maximum sensitivities selection (MSS) optimization. This approach enables PEVs to begin charging as soon as possible considering priority-charging time zones while complying with network operation criteria (such as losses, generation limits, and voltage profile). Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of SLM for the modified IEEE 23 kV distribution system connected to several low voltage residential networks populated with PEVs.

Real-Time Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grids to Minimize Power Losses and Improve Voltage Profile

Increasing complexity of power grids, growing demand, and requirement for greater reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy sustainability concerns continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in harnessing communication and information technologies. This leap toward a ?smarter? grid is widely referred to as ?smart grid.? A framework for cohesive integration of these technologies facilitates convergence of acutely needed standards, and implementation of necessary analytical capabilities. This paper critically reviews the reliability impacts of major smart grid resources such as renewables, demand response, and storage. We observe that an ideal mix of these resources leads to a flatter net demand that eventually accentuates reliability challenges further. A gridwide IT architectural framework is presented to meet these challenges while facilitating modern cybersecurity measures. This architecture supports a multitude of geographically and temporally coordinated hierarchical monitoring and control actions over time scales from milliseconds and up.

A Reliability Perspective of the Smart Grid

Increasing complexity of power grids, growing demand, and requirement for greater grid reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy sustainability concerns continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in harnessing communication and information technologies. This leap toward a “smarter” grid is now widely referred to as “smart grid”. A framework for cohesive integration of these technologies facilitates convergence of acutely needed standards and protocols, and implementation of necessary analytical capabilities. The paper critically reviews the reliability impacts of major smart grid resources such as renewables, demand response, storage. We observe that an ideal mix of these resources leads to a flatter net demand that eventually accentuates reliability issues further. We then present a grid-wide IT architectural framework to meet the reliability challenges. This architecture supports a multitude of geographically and temporally coordinated hierarchical monitoring and control actions over time scales from milliseconds and up.

https://library.e.abb.com/public/bd10435e59f612ee852576740078a7e2/Moslehi%20-%2010SG0068%20-%20Smart%20Grid%20-%20A%20Reliability%20Perspective%20IEEE%20SG%20Cof%20Jan%202010%20-%20DC.pdf

Smart Grid - a reliability perspective

Power system reliability has been thrust into the limelight by recent blackouts around the world. The social and economic costs of these failures can add up to billions of dollars every year. As the digital age prevails, more efficient manufacturing processes, based on computers and power electronics, have come to dominate industry. As the portion of electricity in the total energy consumption continues to grow, the value of power system reliability increases. This article discusses a vision for state-of-the-art solutions to improve power system reliability through improved monitoring and control.

Vision for a self- healing power grid

A vision of the smart grid as an agent of economic value creation is needed to understand the paradigm shift that will be unfolding over the next few decades in the electricity market. This paper presents one such vision of the smart grid from an electricity market perspective and discusses its technical underpinnings. In contrast with the current mix of traditional and renewable resources, the smart grid is envisioned to be ultimately based on 100% renewable resources with end-to-end direct transactions between producers and consumers facilitated by one or more connectivity provider(s) much the same way e-commerce and other business transactions and interactions take place over the internet. These connectivity provider(s) will provide all necessary infrastructure for transmission and distribution of energy as well as the relevant information and data exchanges. Trading of power and various services based on allied information will enjoy internet-like market transparency and ease of execution.

Smart grid: An electricity market perspective

With unprecedented capabilities for monitoring by synchronized sub-second measurements and processing them with widely distributed decision intelligence and providing quasi-continuous control capabilities throughout the grid wherever and whenever needed, the smart grid offers the potential to increase all voltage, dynamic and transient stability limits to a level above the relevant thermal limits. With stability thus assured, the smart grid can ultimately become as flexible as the internet. This paper presents a strategy for assuring voltage stability in the smart grid.

Ranjit Kumar

Papers

A Reliability Perspective of the Smart Grid

Smart Grid - a reliability perspective

Vision for a self- healing power grid

Smart grid: An electricity market perspective

Assuring voltage stability in the smart grid