抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The interest in nanoscale materials stems from the fact that new properties are acquired at this length scale and, equally important, that these properties * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone, 404-8940292; fax, 404-894-0294; e-mail, mostafa.el-sayed@ chemistry.gatech.edu. † Case Western Reserve UniversitysMillis 2258. ‡ Phone, 216-368-5918; fax, 216-368-3006; e-mail, burda@case.edu. § Georgia Institute of Technology. 1025 Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025−1102

Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes.

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

Ru(II) polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, eletrochemistry, and chemiluminescence

▪ Abstract Solution phase syntheses and size-selective separation methods to prepare semiconductor and metal nanocrystals, tunable in size from ∼1 to 20 nm and monodisperse to ≤5%, are presented. Preparation of monodisperse samples enables systematic characterization of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of materials as they evolve from molecular to bulk in the nanometer size range. Sample uniformity makes it possible to manipulate nanocrystals into close-packed, glassy, and ordered nanocrystal assemblies (superlattices, colloidal crystals, supercrystals). Rigorous structural characterization is critical to understanding the electronic and optical properties of both nanocrystals and their assemblies. At inter-particle separations 5–100 A, dipole-dipole interactions lead to energy transfer between neighboring nanocrystals, and electronic tunneling between proximal nanocrystals gives rise to dark and photoconductivity. At separations <5 A, exchange interactions cause otherwise insulating ass...

Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies

The study of chemical reactions is one of the most important areas of chemical research today. This book deals with the molecular-level mechanism of elementary chemical reactions, and progresses from the basic principles of physical chemistry to up-to-date research results to provide an understanding of chemical reactivity and physical rate processes from the fundamental point of view of atom-atom interactions all the way to the molecular-level description of catalysis. Students of and researchers in physical chemistry.

Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Chemical Reactivity

1. Understanding chemical reactions at the molecular level 2. Molecular collisions 3. Introduction to reactive molecular collisions 4. Scattering as a probe of collision dynamics 5. Introduction to polyatomic dynamics 6. Structural considerations in the calculation of reaction rates 7. Photoselective chemistry: access to the transition state region 8. Chemistry in real time 9. State-changing collisions: molecular energy transfer 10. Stereodynamics 11. Dynamics in the condensed phase 12. Dynamics of gas-surface interactions and reactions.

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Molecular reaction dynamics

The Maximum Entropy Formalism

1. The Wave Mechanics of Diatomic Molecules 2. Summary Elements of Algebraic Theory 3. Mechanics of Molecules 4. Three-Body Algebraic Theory 5. Four-Body Algebraic Theory 6. Many-Body Algebraic Theory 7. Classical Limit and Coordinate Representation 8. Prologue to the Future Appendices: Properties of Lie Algebras Coupling of Algebras Hamiltonian Parameters

Raphael D. Levine

Papers

Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Chemical Reactivity

Molecular reaction dynamics

The Maximum Entropy Formalism

Algebraic theory of molecules

Quantum mechanics of molecular rate processes