Vaccination is an effective public health measure, yet vaccine efficacy varies across different populations. Adjuvants improve vaccine efficacy but often increase reactogenicity. An unconventional behavioral “adjuvant” is physical exercise at the time of vaccination. Here, in separate experiments, we examined the effect of 90-minute light- to moderate-intensity cycle ergometer or outdoor walk/jog aerobic exercise performed once after immunization on serum antibody response to three different vaccines (2009 pandemic influenza H1N1, seasonal influenza, and COVID-19). Exercise took place after influenza vaccination or after the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. A mouse model of influenza A immunization was used to examine the effect of exercise on antibody response and the role of IFNα as a potential mechanism by treating mice with anti-IFNα antibody. The results show that 90 min of exercise consistently increased serum antibody to each vaccine four weeks post-immunization, and IFNα may partially contribute to the exercise-related benefit. Exercise did not increase side effects after the COVID-19 vaccination. These findings suggest that adults who exercise regularly may increase antibody response to influenza or COVID-19 vaccine by performing a single session of light- to moderate-intensity exercise post-immunization. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.005

Exercise after influenza or COVID-19 vaccination increases serum antibody without an increase in side effects

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder brought about due to dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta region. PD presents most commonly in older adults and is a disorder of both motor and nonmotor dysfunction. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and older individuals, those with preexisting medical conditions, or both have an increased risk of developing COVID-19 with more severe outcomes. People-with-Parkinson’s (PwP) of advanced age can have both immune and autonomic nervous problems that potentially lead to pre-existing pulmonary dysfunction and higher infection risk, increasing the probability of contracting COVID-19. A lifestyle change involving moderate-intensity exercise has the potential to protect against SARS-CoV-2 through strengthening the immune system. In addition to a potential protective measure against SARS-CoV-2, exercise has been shown to improve quality-of-life (QoL) in PD patients. Recent studies provide evidence of exercise as both neuroprotective and neuroplastic. This article is a literature review investigating the role exercise plays in modifying the immune system, improving health outcomes in PwP, and potentially acting as a protective measure against SARS-Cov-2 infection. We conclude that exercise, when correctly performed, improves QoL and outcomes in PwP, and that the enhanced immune response from moderate-intensity exercise could potentially offer additional protection against COVID-19.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/10/9/612/pdf

Exercise for Older Adults Improves the Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease and Potentially Enhances the Immune Response to COVID-19

The study aimed to investigate the correlations among immune, haematological, endocrinological markers and fitness parameters, and assess if the physiological parameters could be a predictor of fitness values. Anthropometric, physical evaluations (countermovement jump—CMJ, 10 m sprint, VO2max, repeated sprint ability—RSA total time and index) and determination of blood (IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and tumour necrosis factor) and salivary (testosterone and cortisol) samples parameters in 28 young male soccer players (age: 13.0 ± 0.2 years, body mass index (BMI): 19.5 ± 2.2 kg/m2) were analysed. To evaluate the dependence of the variables related to athletic performance, multiple linear regression with backward stepwise elimination was considered. A significant regression equation was found in CMJ (F(5,16) = 9.86, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.679) and in the RSA index (F(5,16) = 15.39, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.774) considering only five variables, in a 10 m sprint (F(4,17) = 20.25, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.786) and in the RSA total time (F(4,17) = 15.31, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.732) considering only four variables and in VO2max (F(9,12) = 32.09, p < 0.001, R2 adjusted = 0.930) considering nine variables. Our study suggests the use of regression equations to predict the fitness values of youth soccer players by blood and saliva samples, during different phases of the season, short periods of match congestion or recovery from an injury.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/17/6294/pdf

Can Haematological and Hormonal Biomarkers Predict Fitness Parameters in Youth Soccer Players? A Pilot Study.

Both positive and negative aspects of sport performance are currently considered. The aim of our study was to determine time- and intensity-dependent effects of a single exercise bout on redox and inflammatory status. The experiment was performed on 40 male Wistar rats subjected to treadmill running for 30 min with the speed of 18 m/min (M30) or 28 m/min (F30), or for 2 h with the speed of 18 m/min (M120). Immunoenzymatic and spectrophotometric methods were applied to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, the antioxidant barrier, redox status, oxidative damage products, nitrosative stress, and their relationships with plasma non-esterified fatty acids. Treadmill running caused a reduction in the content of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) and nitric oxide (M30, M120, F30 groups) as well as macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (M30, F30 groups). We also demonstrated an increase in catalase activity as well as higher levels of reduced glutathione, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (M30, M120, F30 groups), and advanced glycation end products (F30 group). The presented findings showed the activation of antioxidative defense in response to increased reactive oxygen species' production after a single bout of exercise, but it did not prevent oxidative damage of macromolecules.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/21/8071/pdf

Blood Profile of Cytokines, Chemokines, Growth Factors, and Redox Biomarkers in Response to Different Protocols of Treadmill Running in Rats.

Recently, we have demonstrated a decreased level of iso-branched-chain fatty acids (iso-BCFAs) in patients with excessive weight. However, it is still unclear whether BCFAs may influence lipid metabolism and inflammation in lipogenic tissues. To verify this, human visceral adipocytes were cultured with three different concentrations of selected iso-BCFA (14-methylpentadecanoic acid) and anteiso-BCFA (12-methyltetradecanoic acid), and then the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism (FASN—fatty acid synthase; SREBP1—sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; SCD1—stearoyl-CoA desaturase; ELOVL4—fatty acid elongase 4; ELOVL6—fatty acid elongase 6; FADS2—fatty acid desaturase 2; FADS1–fatty acid desaturase 1) and inflammation (COX-2—cyclooxygenase 2; ALOX-15—lipoxygenase 15; IL-6—interleukin 6) were determined. This study demonstrates for the first time that incubation with iso-BCFA decreases the expression of adipocyte genes that are associated with lipid metabolism (except FASN) and inflammation. These findings suggest that changes in the iso-BCFA profile in obese patients may contribute to adipose inflammation and dyslipidemia. Further studies should evaluate whether iso-BCFA supplementation in obese patients would be beneficial.

/pdf/branched-chain-fatty-acids-alter-the-expression-of-genes-3h0vz47d.pdf

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Alter the Expression of Genes Responsible for Lipid Synthesis and Inflammation in Human Adipose Cells

Cytokines are key modulators of inflammation, participating in acute and chronic inflammation via a complex and sometimes contradictory network of interactions.1 The cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibers, and exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects, are classified as myokines. Skeletal muscle contains resident immune cell populations and their abundance and type are altered in inflammatory myopathies, endotoxemia or other different types of muscle injury.2 The interleukins (ILs) correspond to class of cytokines released by numerous body tissues to control and coordinate immune responses. There are several isoforms and the most known is interleukin-6 (IL-6), an early-stage myokine that might play important role in exercise-induced muscular growth. IL-6 was first cloned and characterized in the mid-1980s by several independent groups, by assessing immunoglobulin production and acute-phase protein responses in different cell lines.3 IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine associated with the control and coordination of immune responses, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and oncogenesis, which regulates cell growth, survival, and differentiation.4 Skeletal muscle cells are a further important source of IL-6 and this cytokine is detected locally at elevated concentrations in actively contracting muscle fibers and after increased workload. Exercise is known to cause major physiological, hormonal, metabolic, and immunological effects. The resistance training acutely upregulates IL-6 by up to 100fold, and the peak of IL-6 level is reached at the end of the exercise or shortly after, about 30 minutes after the exercise, followed by a rapid decrease towards pre-exercise levels.5 Exercise-induced metabolic stress may further stimulate its production.6,7 However, there is a low interaction between muscle damage and increased levels of IL-6, and studies found a low correlation in the time course of IL-6 and creatine kinase.8,9 Therefore, researchers found that muscle tissues during the contraction are the predominant source of IL-6.5 Thus, muscle damage is not required in order to increase plasma IL-6 during exercise.

/pdf/role-of-interleukin-6-and-interleukin-15-in-exercise-4eyh1diwzm.pdf

Role of interleukin-6 and interleukin-15 in exercise

Intense exercise, principally when a person is untrained or unaccustomed to it, can cause damage to skeletal muscle. This phenomenon, commonly known as exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), occurs particularly if the exercise involves a large amount of eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions. There are different types of muscle actions: concentric, eccentric and isometric. The eccentric actions occur during the lowering phase of any weightlifting exercise and are defined as muscle actions at the places where the muscle lengthens because the contraction force is less than the resistive force.1 Eccentric contractions occur frequently in everyday activities and in resistance exercise. They are characterized by the ability to achieve high muscle forces, an enhancement of the tissue damage that is associated with muscle soreness and perhaps require unique control strategies by the central nervous system.2,3 Initial resistance exercise-induced stress mainly in the untrained state, affecting muscle homeostasis and promoting changes in muscle morphology, such as disturbances in cytoskeleton (e.g. Z-band streaming), loss of sarcomeric structural proteins (e.g. desmin and dystrophin), muscle fiber segmental necrosis, alterations in connective tissue, as well as in T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum.4 In addition, there is evidence of damages such as delayed onset muscle soreness, elevated intracellular enzymes in the blood (e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin), loss of calcium homeostasis decreased joint range of motion and edema. Additionally, eccentric exercise also shows a larger increase in plasma creatine kinase activity, whereas concentric and isometric exercise did not increase this enzyme.5 However the decline in muscular force/torque is considered one of the most valid and reliable indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage.6 Delayed onset muscle soreness, that occurs 24 to 48 hours after unaccustomed exercise, appears to be related momentarily more to an inflammatory response than to the appearance of structural damage.2 Furthermore, muscle soreness occurs only after eccentric exercise.5

/pdf/resistance-exercise-muscle-damage-and-inflammatory-response-1q2esqab7n.pdf

Resistance exercise, muscle damage and inflammatory response “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”

Lipases constitute an important group of biocatalysts for biotechnological applications This enzyme can be produced by plants animals and microorganisms However microbial lipases are the most studied and occupy the center attraction because of their stability selectivity and broad substrate specificity Streptomyces are filamentous Gram positive bacteria found generally in the soil This microorganism is known mainly for their capacity to synthesize of numerous antibiotics and other secondary metabolites They also produce a large number of enzymes such as lipases which makes Streptomyces a genus with significant biotechnological potential

/pdf/production-of-lipase-from-streptomyces-4hedxgtfm4.pdf

Raquel Fern

Papers

Role of interleukin-6 and interleukin-15 in exercise

Resistance exercise, muscle damage and inflammatory response “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”

Production of lipase from Streptomyces