ity between and within each country, the former allows the rich in both poor and rich countries to “intermingle” in the calculation of global inequality, which is then fully decomposable into the between and within country components. What the survey data show is that global inequality first increased between 1988 and 1993 and then decreased from 1993 to 1998, reflecting the stagnation of poor rural areas of China and India in the first period, and the slight catching up of poor rural areas in the second period. Furthermore, Milanovic shows that previous attempts at capturing this type of inequality reach conflicting conclusions regarding the trend, which in turn reflect different assumptions and data sources, most of which bias the calculated results downward. The final section discusses the future of global inequality, and what can be done to redress it. Where previous studies express confidence in a declining global inequality trend, Milanovic is less confident, suggesting that we can be certain only that inequality is high. Furthermore, since the trend depends heavily on the performance of one country— China, predictions about future trends are speculative at best. Milanovic is certain about two things. First, global inequality is immoral. Second, redistribution is possible and would be both moral and efficient to the development of humanity as a whole.

Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice:

This article examines the origins and consequences of the rise of photographic evidence in the American courtroom in the second half of the nineteenth century. In addition to providing a history of the use of photographic evidence, it provides a case study of the processes through which new technologies are brought into the courtroom, and shows both the power and the limits of analogic reasoning as a judicial strategy for coping with novel technological forms. The article details the competing cultural understandings of the photograph, showing how the photograph was viewed both as machine-made truth and as artistic representation. It also shows how the judicial doctrine developed to cope with photography could not entirely reign in alternative understandings of the meaning of mechanically-generated images. Most nineteenth century judges responded to photography by declaring the new technology to be analogous to other forms of representation, such as diagrams, drawings and maps. Judges thus deemed photographs to be merely illustrative of testimony, rather than independent evidence. However, I argue that this analogy resulted in the reconceptualization and invigoration of an entire category of evidentiary representations, ushering in a 'culture of construction' in the courtroom, in which the use of visual evidence -- both mechanically made images and other kinds of visual depictions -- grew in both frequency and significance. In other words, by declaring photographs to be like diagrams, judges (inadvertently) brought into existence a new epistemological category: visual representations, not officially proof but nonetheless compelling. I argue that the creation of this category constitutes an origin story for 'demonstrative evidence,' and helps to explain why demonstrative evidence still hovers awkwardly on the boundary between illustration and proof.

The Image of Truth: Photographic Evidence and the Power of Analogy

The failures of ‘immigrant integration’: The gendered racialized production of non-belonging

Endangered/Endangering: Schematic Racism and White Paranoia

In The New Jim Crow, civil rights lawyer and Ohio State University law professor Michelle Alexander examines the legal and social framework that supports the regime of mass incarceration of black men in the United States. As Alexander carefully recounts, beginning in the early 1980s with President Reagan’s declaration of a ‘‘War on Drugs,’’ a number of policy initiatives, Supreme Court decisions, and vested interests, aided and abetted by political divisiveness and public apathy, coalesced to create the social, legal, and political environment that has supported mass incarceration ever since. Alexander’s analysis reveals disturbing parallels between the racial caste systems of slavery, Jim Crow, and today’s mass incarceration of black men in our country. In the end, however, Alexander shies away from proposing a potentially successful strategy for redressing the dilemma she so carefully depicts. Rather, she ‘‘punts,’’ or ‘‘cops out,’’ as we would have said in earlier eras. Alexander begins her analysis with a brief history of the several hundred years of variously oppressive race relations between whites and blacks in the United States. Quite correctly, Alexander observes that this history may be fruitfully understood as a sequence of renascent forms of social control refashioned to the new tenor of the times. Thus, Alexander traces the history of American political rhetoric in the latter half of the twentieth century where ‘‘law and order’’ comes to constitute code for ‘‘the race problem’’ and a policy of malign neglect toward African Americans is transmuted into an active political strategy devised to develop Republican political dominance in the southern states. Ultimately, as we know, the twin themes of crime and welfare propelled Ronald Reagan into the presidency. Searching for a follow-up initiative to define his early presidency, Reagan settled on increased attention to street crime, especially drug law enforcement. In short, the War on Drugs was not some disembodied social agenda, nor was it driven by public demand, as only two percent of Americans believed crime was an important issue at the time. Rather, as Alexander shows, the War on Drugs was a direct outgrowth of race-based politics and therefore the fact that it has had a disproportionate impact on young black men should come as no surprise. Alexander next turns her attention to the interwoven details of the social, legal, and political fabric that wrap the War on Drugs in supportive garb. As Alexander recites, the War on Drugs is the cornerstone on which the current regime of race-based mass incarceration rests because: (a) convictions for drug offenses are the single most important cause of the explosion in incarceration rates since 1980, and (b) black Americans are disproportionately arrested, convicted, and subjected to lengthy sentences for drug offenses when compared to white Americans, even though drug use rates among white Americans have been consistently shown to be higher than for black Americans. Thus, any practices or policies that support the execution of the War on Drugs support the continuation of our movement toward mass incarceration of an entire category of Americans. Among the many developments Alexander reviews, one may note: changes in Supreme Court doctrine with respect to police stops, warrantless searches, consent searches, and suspicionless police sweeps for drug activity; federal initiatives to offer grants to support narcotics task forces; the development and expansion of modern drug forfeiture laws which permitted state and local law enforcement agencies to keep the vast majority of seized cash and assets in drug raids; and the legislative enactment of mandatory minimum and ‘‘three strikes’’ sentencing schemes, and their ready

Making Transnational Feminism: Rural Women, NGO Activists, and Northern Donors in Brazil

Small firms’ performance has been recognised as an important topic for researchers dealing with the topics of internationalisation and innovation. Literature has examined the individual influence of network cooperation, innovation and internationalisation on firm performance. However, there is an absence of research to explore the coherent relationship between network linkages, innovation performance, internationalisation performance and its cumulative influence on economic performance. That is, this research examines the mediating roles of innovation and internationalisation between network cooperation and firm performance. Based on the sample of 117 exporting Indian SMEs and using structural equation modelling, the results note that indirect effects produced by customers and Research and Development (R&D) organisations via innovation performance explain a higher proportion of their total effect on the economic performance of SMEs. Conversely, the relationship between three network stakeholders, viz. customers, government agencies and R&D organisations, and economic performance are mediated by the internationalisation performance of SMEs. 

Network cooperation and economic performance of SMEs: Direct and mediating impacts of innovation and internationalisation

Changes in prosecutorial strategies vis-a-vis domestic violence introduced new models of investigation that privilege images of victims. Drawing on case law, we argue these visual artefacts of victims’ injuries as well as their videotaped sworn statements describing their assaults constitute what Haggerty and Ericson call a ‘data double’, a virtual doppleganger who is meant to stand, often antagonistically in the stead of the flesh and blood victim. We further suggest, following theorizing on the emotional impact of images, that these pictures and videos, presented in court, have an emotional stickiness that differently affects both judges and juries as compared to the testimony of the flesh and blood victim. Thinking through temporality and notions of femininity we conclude that the truth effect of these images is that the victim’s data double becomes more human than human, forcing us to rethink the relationships between victims, images, and the machinations of justice.

Seeing crime, feeling crime: Visual evidence, emotions, and the prosecution of domestic violence:

Within Western liberal democracies, narratives characterizing racialized migrants as threats to gender equality abound. As forms of knowledge about the "other," these Orientalist assumptions resonate as common sense. In an attempt to denaturalize these characterizations, this discussion asks: what strategies for overcoming gender violence do racialized migrants import with them to the countries in which they settle? Drawing on interviews with service providers involved in the design and delivery of ethno-specific anti-violence programming in Toronto, Canada, this discussion explores this question to develop preliminary insights on racialized migrant feminisms as both a concept and practice. Language: en

Rashmee Singh

Papers

Network cooperation and economic performance of SMEs: Direct and mediating impacts of innovation and internationalisation

Seeing crime, feeling crime: Visual evidence, emotions, and the prosecution of domestic violence:

Importing Feminisms: Racialized Migrants and Anti-Violence Activism

‘Setting a Good Example for the Ladies’: Example Setting as a Technique of Penal Reform in Specialized Prostitution Court

Bare death: femicide, forensics and the necropolitics of the corpse