Co-management has shown great promise in achieving social and ecological goals worldwide. Despite its potential, significant challenges are faced during governance transformations shifting from traditional approaches to fisheries management to co-management systems. Several factors make Hawai‘i an excellent opportunity to study the barriers associated with implementing co-management systems. Hawai‘i implements many of the same types of regulatory and fisheries programs found elsewhere in the U.S., yet it also possesses a unique legacy of customary management systems. In addition, a legal pathway has existed for nearly two decades that allows communities to partner with the State of Hawai‘i to co-manage nearshore coral reef fisheries. Despite the presence of this enabling legislation, extensive community interest in this approach across the archipelago, and significant NGO/Foundation support, co-management implementation remains limited. This study uses a mixed methods approach that relies on semi-structured interviews and archival data sources to conduct an institutional analysis of transaction and transformation costs. These costs serve as barriers to co-management implementation. The study identifies several social and organizational barriers preventing co-management implementation including: governmental structure and operations; planning and administrative processes; organized opposition from special interests; and consensus building processes. The institutional analysis further reveals a wide range of transaction and transformation costs associated with this governance transformation that prevent adoption of co-management. We conclude by identifying some actions that can help reduce these implementation barriers to co-management transitions and prevent conservation stalemates.

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Making the transition to co-management governance arrangements in Hawai‘i: a framework for understanding transaction and transformation costs

............................................................................................................................ii List of tables.....................................................................................................................vi List of figures..................................................................................................................vii Attestation of Authorship................................................................................................iix Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................x Chapter

Exploring the Lived Experience of Opportunities and Challenges Faced by Entrepreneurial Women of Rural Nepal

........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Table of

Public policy processes in the Pacific islands: A study of policy initiation, formulation and implementation in Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Samoa and regional inter-governmental organisations

Since the mid-1980s, both Shanghai and Hong Kong have implemented health insurance reform to contain healthcare costs. But the reform result in these two places represents polar extremes. While Shanghai witnessed a revolution in healthcare financing in 2000, Hong Kong remains status quo on healthcare financing. Using the theory of historical institutionalism, this study examines how the complex interplay of forces affects health insurance reform implementation in these two places. It finds that Shanghai succeeded in implementing health insurance reform because of contextual influences, ideological shift, policy feedback, the authoritative political institutions, the dominance of key bureaucratic stakeholders in health insurance reform process, the endorsement of new ideas, and the decentralization power given to local governments. On the other hand, it finds that Hong Kong failed to implement any health insurance reforms in 1993 because of a more democratic political system, policy feedback, the persistence of old ideas, and a robust economy. Besides, it finds that the government failed to implement healthcare financing reforms in 1999 and 2000 because of a disjointed political system, difficult economic circumstances, the new idea lacking public acceptance, policy feedback, and the institutionalization of old ideas.

Health insurance reform in Shanghai and Hong Kong: using the lens of historical institutionalism

........................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xx GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... xxiii Terms/Acronyms/Abbreviations .................................................................................... xxiii Definitions/Explanations ............................................................................................. xxiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Research problem ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Research paradigm ............................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Aim of the research ............................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research question................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.1 Sub-research questions, context of formulation, objectives & methods ......................... 7 1.4.2 Research hypotheses, context of formulation, objectives & methods ............................. 8 1.5 Rationale of the research ...................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Practical rationale........................................................................................................... 9 1.5.2 Academic rationale ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Methodological choice ........................................................................................................ 11 1.6.1 Research design ........................................................................................................... 11 1.6.2 Data collection strategy and sampling techniques ....................................................... 11

Patterns of the use of technology by students in higher education

Many children from rural communities in India seeking an education are first-generation learners. These children at times find it difficult to cope with the school environment and learning the state language, which is unfamiliar to them. The parents of these children have no academic background or formal education at any level, which leaves them at a disadvantage as a significant part of their educational process occurs at home. This research is an attempt to study and understand the problems that are being faced by first-generation learners and to assist them in achieving their educational goals. The study uses a qualitative and flexible case-study approach, reflecting the real-life complexities of first generation learners. A flexible design with semi-structured interview method has been employed to allow for more freedom during data collection. This provides an opportunity to present the account of the journey and to refine and modify the original plan to follow up issues that emerged during the process of data collection. It is hoped that the study will provide some insight into the educational needs of first-generation learners and influence future school improvement programmes of both governmental and non-governmental rural development organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a qualitative and flexible case study to investigate the opportunities and challenges for primary education offered to first-generation learners in a rural community in the state of Maharashtra, India.

Ratika Velu

Papers

Designing a qualitative and flexible case study to investigate the opportunities and challenges for primary education offered to first-generation learners in a rural community in the state of Maharashtra, India.