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Invisible colleges : diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities

Virtually all systems-based work is dominated by the notion of "system" as a concept of an adaptive whole which may survive in a changing environment. Such unexamined givens should be challenged; it might be fruitful in practical interventions in real-world problems to widen the concept "system." The nature of the concept of the adaptive whole is examined, both in general and more specifically in "soft systems methodology" (SSM), the systemsbased approach to tackling ill-structured problems which has been developed in the 1970's and 1980's. A method for developing alternatives to the core systems metaphor is presented, and its practical use in real-world problem solving is illustrated. This is a promising enrichment of SSM.

Extending the Metaphor "System"

Corruption is a social pathology. It has much the same effect on the development of a nation that cancer has on the life of a biological organism. Through a review of the literature, a definition of corruption is derived. Large-scale corruption is supported by power networks. In order to function and survive, power networks require five capabilities: economic, technical, political, physical, and ideological. Large-scale corruption is an emergent social process. The same governing factors that sustain large-scale corruption are in direct opposition to efforts to promote development. The history and evolution of a government agency for small farmers in a developing country are reviewed. While extracting wealth, corrupt power networks generated waste, reduced production, and caused acrimony on the part of the victims. For each dollar embezzled there was a resulting loss of $2.5. The corrupt networks reached such a level that the government had to disassemble the agencies. The ability to detect and neutralize corrupt networks is essential to development.

Large-Scale Corruption: Definition, Causes, and Cures

There is a continuing debate about the proper role of analytical (positivist) science in natural resource decision making. Two diametrically opposed views are evident, arguing for and against a more extended role for scientific information. The debate takes on a different complexion if one recognizes that certain kinds of problem, referred to here as “wicked” or “trans-science” problems, may not be amenable to the analytical process. Indeed, the mistaken application of analytical methods to trans-science problems may not only be a waste of time and money but also serve to hinder policy development. Since many environmental issues are trans-science in nature, then it follows that alternatives to analytical science need to be developed. In this article, the issues involved in the debate are clarified by examining the impact of the use of analytical methods in a particular case, the spruce budworm controversy in New Brunswick. The article ends with some suggestions about a “holistic” approach to the problem.

The role of analytical science in natural resource decision making

A paradigm is an accepted world view If we do not continually question our paradigm then wider trends and movements will overtake the discipline leaving it ill adapted to future challenges This Special Issue is an opportunity to keep systems thinking at the forefront of ergonomics theory and practice Systems thinking prompts us to ask whether ergonomics, as a discipline, has been too timid? Too preoccupied with the resolution of immediate problems with industrial-age methods when, approaching fast, are developments which could render these operating assumptions an irrelevance Practical case studies are presented to show how abstract systems problems can be tackled head-on to deliver highly innovative and cost-effective insights The strategic direction of the discipline foregrounds high-quality systems problems These are something the discipline is well able to respond to provided that the appropriate operating paradigms are selected Practitioner Summary: High-quality systems problems are the future of the discipline How do we convert obtuse sounding systems concepts into practical interventions? In this paper, the essence of systems thinking is distilled and practical case studies used to demonstrate the benefits of this new paradigm

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Quantum ergonomics: shifting the paradigm of the systems agenda

A methodology for the detection of emerging paradigms is developed through the analysis of implicit and explicit criticisms. The search for the systems' paradigm reveals a set of systems frames at different stages of development. Four basic assumptions that underlie most systems frames and limit their use in the research, design, planning, and management of social systems are identified. A set of frames that may advance the systems movement are proposed. They are enclosed under the name of systemic-netfields and provide a link between systems and networks, aggregates, and fields.

Systemic-Netfields: The Systems' Paradigm Crisis. Part I

In Part 1, “Systemic-Netfields: The System's Paradigm Crisis, “ a procedure for the detection of emerging paradigms based on the analysis of implicit and explicit criticisms was developed and applied to the “Systems” paradigm. Four basic assumptions that underly most systems frames and limit their use in the research, design, planning, and management of social systems were identified. In Part 2, a set of frames are proposed which may advance the systems movement. They are enclosed under the name of systemic-netfields and provide a link between systems and networks, aggregates, and fields.

Raúl Carvajal

Papers

Systemic-Netfields: The Systems' Paradigm Crisis. Part I

Large-Scale Corruption: Definition, Causes, and Cures

Systemic-Netfields: The Emergence of New Frames. Part II

The dialectics of analytical and synthetic approaches