Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Definitions of diversity. Measuring species diversity. Choosing an index and interpreting diversity measures. Sampling problems. Structural diversity. Applications of diversity measures. Summary.

/pdf/ecological-diversity-and-its-measurement-4az8bcrmxt.pdf

Ecological Diversity and its Measurement

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

This paper presents a new and simple method to find indicator species and species assemblages characterizing groups of sites The novelty of our approach lies in the way we combine a species relative abundance with its relative frequency of occurrence in the various groups of sites This index is maximum when all individuals of a species are found in a single group of sites and when the species occurs in all sites of that group; it is a symmetric indicator The statistical significance of the species indicator values is evaluated using a randomization procedure Contrary to TWINSPAN, our indicator index for a given species is independent of the other species relative abundances, and there is no need to use pseudospecies The new method identifies indicator species for typologies of species releves obtained by any hierarchical or nonhierarchical classification procedure; its use is independent of the classification method Because indicator species give ecological meaning to groups of sites, this method provides criteria to compare typologies, to identify where to stop dividing clusters into subsets, and to point out the main levels in a hierarchical classification of sites Species can be grouped on the basis of their indicator values for each clustering level, the heterogeneous nature of species assemblages observed in any one site being well preserved Such assemblages are usually a mixture of eurytopic (higher level) and stenotopic species (characteristic of lower level clusters) The species assemblage approach demonstrates the importance of the ''sampled patch size,'' ie, the diversity of sampled ecological combinations, when we compare the frequencies of core and satellite species A new way to present species-site tables, accounting for the hierarchical relationships among species, is proposed A large data set of carabid beetle distributions in open habitats of Belgium is used as a case study to illustrate the new method

/pdf/species-assemblages-and-indicator-species-the-need-for-a-11brlxhd4r.pdf

Species assemblages and indicator species:the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The magnitude of the effect of good genes as a viability benefit accruing to choosy females remains a controversial theoretical and empirical issue. We collected all available data from the literature to estimate the magnitude of good-genes viability effects, while adjusting for sample size. The average correlation coefficient between male traits and offspring survival in 22 studies was 0.122, which differed highly significantly from zero. This implies that male characters chosen by females reveal on average 1.5% of the variance in viability. The studies demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in effect size; some of this heterogeneity could be accounted for by differences among taxa (birds demonstrating stronger effects), and by differences in the degree of mating skew in the species (high skew reflecting stronger effects). Although these results suggest that viability-based sexual selection is widespread across taxa, they indicate that the effect is relatively minor. Finally, there was also an effect of publication year in that the more recent studies reported reduced effects. This may reflect publication biases during paradigm shifts of this debated issue, but it should also be recalled that the studies have only partly estimated the full fitness consequences of mate choice for offspring.

Good-genes effects in sexual selection.

Evenness is considered as the measure of equality of abundances in a community. By comparing artificial abundance distributions the modified Hill's ratio (N2-1)/(N,1) was found to be the most easily interpreted evenness measure. The modification (subtracting 1 from Hill's numbers) is important when species diversity is low. Often the species richness of the community is underestimated, and because of the sampling bias evenness indices not using species richness are recommendable. The most popular evenness indexJ' seems to be a rather ambiguous measure, since it is for purely mathematical reasons positively correlated with species richness. The ambiguity arises from the logarithmic relation of Shannon's entropy H' to species richness. Hill's numbers with species as units are less ambiguous than diversity measures in general. After all, it is emphasized that there is no single way to measure evenness, and because of the looseness of the concept we have to be cautious in its application.

https://www.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/catedras/ecocomunidades/Alatalo%20-%20Problems%20in%20the%20Measurement%20of%20Evenness%20in%20Ecology.pdf

Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology

Some males of the pied flycatcher enhance their individual fitness by mating with two females, one of which receives their full support in caring for the brood, while the other is given very little or no aid and therefore, on average, produces a much reduced brood. These so-called secondary females thus have a low fitness. We refute the theories of differential territory quality and of sexy sons to explain the bigamous strategy in this species and argue that the male cheats some females into the role of being secondary. The trick used by the male is maintaining two spatially separate territories (polyterritorialism). We found that secondary females lay fewer eggs and take this as evidence that, at some point, they become "aware" of their true marital status and then, adaptively, reduce their clutch size. The alternative explanation, namely, that secondary females are intrinsically low-productive, for example, because of relatively younger age, can probably be refuted. Large males were found to be overrepr...

The Conflict Between Male Polygamy and Female Monogamy: The Case of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

EVOLUTIONARYstudies are hampered by a lack of experimental ways in which to test past events such as the origination of aposematism1–7, whereby unpalatable or poisonous prey signal their unprofitability, often by being warningly coloured. Inexperienced predators do learn to avoid unpalatable prey as a result of such signals8–10, but in addition there may be an inherited cautiousness about attacking when common or conspicuous warning signals are evident11–16. As current predators are not naive in the evolutionary sense, it is still not resolved3–7,17,18 whether aposematism originated only in aggregations of prey19,20 or among solitary prey as well21–23. Here we explore this controversy in evolutionarily naive predators by creating a novel world with warning signals not found in the environment. Initially, the aggregation of prey favoured the warning signals supporting Fisher's view24 of kin aggregations as the evolutionary starting point of aposematism. However, once predators had experienced warning signals, pre-existing avoidance seemed to facilitate evolution of Mullerian mimicry complexes25 with similar types of signals even among solitary prey.

Tracking the evolution of warning signals

Understanding the early evolution of aposematic (warning) coloration has been a challenge for scientists, as a new conspicuous morph in a population of cryptic insects would have a high predation risk and would probably die out before local predators learnt to avoid it1,2,3,4. Fisher5 presented the idea of aggregation benefit through the survival of related individuals; however, his theory has been strongly debated6,7,8 as the mechanisms that favour grouping have never been explored experimentally with the incorporation of detectability costs. Here we create a comprehensive ‘novel world’ experiment with the great tit (Parus major) as a predator to explore simultaneously the predation-related benefits and costs for aposematic aggregated prey, manipulating both group size and signal strength. Our results show that grouping would have been highly beneficial for the first aposematic prey individuals surrounded by naive predators, because (1) detectability risk increased only asymptotically with group size; (2) additional detectability costs due to conspicuous signals were marginal in groups; (3) even naive predators deserted the group after detecting unpalatability (dilution effect); and (4) avoidance learning of signal was faster in groups. None of these mechanisms require kin selection.

Rauno V. Alatalo

Papers

Good-genes effects in sexual selection.

Problems in the measurement of evenness in ecology

The Conflict Between Male Polygamy and Female Monogamy: The Case of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

Tracking the evolution of warning signals

Multiple benefits of gregariousness cover detectability costs in aposematic aggregations.