IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges

Digital processing of speech signals

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a hardware and software communications system that permits cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices. The immediate goal of BCI research is to provide communications capabilities to severely disabled people who are totally paralyzed or 'locked in' by neurological neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, or spinal cord injury. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of BCIs, looking at the different steps that form a standard BCI: signal acquisition, preprocessing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification and the control interface. We discuss their advantages, drawbacks, and latest advances, and we survey the numerous technologies reported in the scientific literature to design each step of a BCI. First, the review examines the neuroimaging modalities used in the signal acquisition step, each of which monitors a different functional brain activity such as electrical, magnetic or metabolic activity. Second, the review discusses different electrophysiological control signals that determine user intentions, which can be detected in brain activity. Third, the review includes some techniques used in the signal enhancement step to deal with the artifacts in the control signals and improve the performance. Fourth, the review studies some mathematic algorithms used in the feature extraction and classification steps which translate the information in the control signals into commands that operate a computer or other device. Finally, the review provides an overview of various BCI applications that control a range of devices.

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Brain Computer Interfaces, a Review

The present invention involves method and apparatus for analyzing two measured signals that are modeled as containing primary and secondary portions. Coefficients relate the two signals according to a model defined in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the present invention involves utilizing a transformation which evaluates a plurality of possible signal coefficients in order to find appropriate coefficients. Alternatively, the present invention involves using statistical functions or Fourier transform and windowing techniques to determine the coefficients relating to two measured signals. Use of this invention is described in particular detail with respect to blood oximetry measurements.

Signal processing apparatus.

The Internet of Things (IoT) introduces a vision of a future Internet where users, computing systems, and everyday objects possessing sensing and actuating capabilities cooperate with unprecedented convenience and economical benefits. As with the current Internet architecture, IP-based communication protocols will play a key role in enabling the ubiquitous connectivity of devices in the context of IoT applications. Such communication technologies are being developed in line with the constraints of the sensing platforms likely to be employed by IoT applications, forming a communications stack able to provide the required power—efficiency, reliability, and Internet connectivity. As security will be a fundamental enabling factor of most IoT applications, mechanisms must also be designed to protect communications enabled by such technologies. This survey analyzes existing protocols and mechanisms to secure communications in the IoT, as well as open research issues. We analyze how existing approaches ensure fundamental security requirements and protect communications on the IoT, together with the open challenges and strategies for future research work in the area. This is, as far as our knowledge goes, the first survey with such goals.

Security for the Internet of Things: A Survey of Existing Protocols and Open Research Issues

The use of biometric systems in physical access scenarios is gaining popularity In such scenarios, users are enroled under well controlled conditions and the enrolment is usually indoors To gain access to the building, the user provides his biometric samples in an outdoor environment over which there is little control This adversely affects the quality of the samples and as a result the system performance is sub-optimal This study evaluates the performance of a multimodal biometric system in a physical access scenario We evaluate leading commercial algorithms on an indoor-outdoor, multimodal database comprising of face and voice samples The indoor-outdoor nature of the database and the choice of modalities results in individual systems performing poorly Popular normalization and fusion techniques are used to improve the performance of the overall system Multimodal fusion results in an average improvement of approximately 20% at 1% false acceptance rate over individual modalities

An outdoor biometric system: evaluation of normalization fusion schemes for face and voice

A cooperative ratio-based scheduling scheme with minimal signaling to enhance network throughput and fairness in wireless ad hoc network is presented in this paper. Throughput and fairness maximization problem in a finite horizon (short term) is formulated as a novel multi-window optimization problem. Through analysis users' thresholds are shown to be time variant to achieve throughput maximization with fairness in each window. Simulation results clearly show that compared with non decision-based strategy, ratio-based scheme achieves within 1.6 % of the maximum throughput value and is scalable in terms of the number of nodes. Fairness performance is marginally better than non decision-based strategy.

Finite horizon scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we study the adaptive rate transmission with opportunistic scheduling in two-hop relaying networks, in which only channel state information (CSI) at receivers are available. Previous work [5] that proposed an opportunistic relaying scheme has focused on the fixed rate transmission. We develop an adaptive rate transmission scheme according to instantaneous channel connections. The scheme operates with cooperative relays and opportunistic scheduling for adaptive rate transmission, to improve the throughput performance. We obtain the exact throughput expression and we show that the advantage using adaptive rate transmission over fixed rate transmission is the multiplicative factor of log log n, where n is the number of users. Furthermore, we prove that the throughput achieved by the adaptive rate transmission scheme is actually the optimal throughput for two-hop relaying networks. Numerical results are presented, indicating the alignment with our theoretical analysis.

Adaptive rate transmission with opportunistic scheduling in wireless networks

In this paper, we propose hybrid cooperative medium access control (MAC) protocol that adaptively uses single relay path or two relay paths for enhanced throughput and delay performance under fast Rayleigh fading conditions. The proposed protocol, termed as 2rcMAC, invokes two best relay (cooperating) paths for improved spatial diversity that offer higher transmission rate compared to the direct transmission path. It transmits through primary relay path for higher throughput performance and uses secondary relay path for reliable backup transmission. In case, only one best relay path (with higher rate than the direct transmission path) is available, the 2rcMAC protocol transmits directly to the destination node and invokes the secondary relay path for backup transmission only. Furthermore, handshaking and single bit feedback in 2rcMAC protocol resolve contentions among relay nodes in close proximity at the time, and further provide source node with rate information on source-to-destination, source-to-relay and relay-to-destination links. Simulation results clearly show average throughput improvement of 7% and 25% and average delay improvement of 94.8% and 98.9% compared to UtdMAC and CoopMAC I, respectively [4], [5], [7].

Hybrid cooperative MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

The ATM Forum has adopted the rate-based scheme as the standard for ABR services. Effective ABR services are essential for ATM LAN emulation. The authors propose a new algorithm or scheme that has equivalent or better performance than existing schemes, but requires only O(1) computation. This O(1) computation is independent of both the number and rates of the connections. The scheme, called the "USF scheme", is compared via simulation to the existing EPRCA, MIT, and OSU schemes. Results show that the less complex USF scheme provides better throughput, delay, and fairness than the existing schemes.

Ravi Sankar

Papers

An outdoor biometric system: evaluation of normalization fusion schemes for face and voice

Finite horizon scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks

Adaptive rate transmission with opportunistic scheduling in wireless networks

Hybrid cooperative MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

A new explicit rate-based congestion control scheme for ABR services