Globally, there is a significant rise in the number of connected devices. Every device has an access to wide variety of telecom services among which voice, video and best effort (BE) contribute significantly. There is a noticeable growing trend towards upstream BE traffic besides real time e-services that demand high quality of service (QoS). Converged next-generation fiber-wireless (FiWi) access networks composed of next-generation passive optical network (XG-PON) and 802.11n based wireless local area network (WLAN) has emerged as a suitable choice to provide high quality and affordable e-services to plenty of subscribers as they possess both high bandwidth and flexibility. In this paper, we study the performance of the integrated network architecture which combines XG-PON and enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) under real time bursty traffic derived from the current global IP traffic distribution. The joint tuning of various crucial parameters of both XG-PON and EDCA with incorporation of an efficient deficit dynamic bandwidth algorithm (DBA) at optical line terminal (OLT) is done by exhaustive simulations in network simulator-3 (NS-3). Through intensive simulations and tuning, we are able to achieve a end-to-end delay performance of <; 150 ms for voice, <; 500 ms for video and a few seconds for BE upto full capacity. Also, a packet loss ratio (PLR) of <; 3% and <; 6% is achieved for voice and BE respectively upto full load. For voice PLR is <; 1% upto 60% total offered load. Further, it is observed that the fine tuning of key parameters has also resulted in increased bandwidth for dominant BE services. Therefore, this optimized network architecture is 20% more fair to BE services as compared to the conventional integrated FiWi architectures.

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Resource Allocation and QoS Guarantees for Real World IP Traffic in Integrated XG-PON and IEEE802.11e EDCA Networks

The combination of a high-speed wireless network with passive optical network technologies has led to the evolution of a modern integrated fiber wireless (FiWi) access network. Compared to broadband wireless networks, the FiWi network offers higher bandwidth with improved reliability and reduced maintenance costs due to the passive nature of passive optical network (PON). Since the quality of service (QoS) is a baseline to deploy high-speed FiWi broadband access networks, therefore, it is essential to analyze and reduce the typical problems (e.g., bandwidth and delay) in the high-speed next-generation networks (NGANs). This study investigates the performance of a fiber wireless architecture where a 10-Gigabit-capable passive optical network (XGPON) and fifth generation of wireless local area network (WLAN) (i.e., IEEE 802.11ac) are integrated. Both technologies take benefits from each other and have pros and cons concerning the QoS demands of subscribers. The proposed work offers a very flexible QoS scheme for the different types of services of 5G WLAN and XGPON with the help of the highest cost first (HCF) algorithm, which leads to reduced upstream delays for delay-sensitive applications. The simulation results show that the HCF algorithm boosts the performance of the dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) scheme and results in up to 96.1%, 90.8%, and 55.5% reduced upstream (US) delays for video: VI(T2), background: BK(T3), and best effort: BE(T4) traffic in enhanced-distributed-channel-access (EDCA) mode. Compared to earlier work, the HCF and immediate allocation with the colorless grant (IACG) DBA combination results in the reduction of up to 54.8% and 53.4% mean US delays. This happens because of 50% to 65% better bandwidth assignment by the IACG DBA process due to efficient mapping by the HCF algorithm.

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/7/4/114/pdf

Highest Cost First-Based QoS Mapping Scheme for Fiber Wireless Architecture

For an efficient bandwidth management among the optical network units in the upstream link of a passive optical network (PON), it is necessary to use a dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) scheme at the optical line terminal. This is really helpful for the PON service providers in meeting their delay guarantees and bandwidth commitments as per the service level agreements (SLAs). It also enables them to increase their revenue by accommodating more users in the available bandwidth. This study investigates the weaknesses of existing ITU compliant DBA schemes. The study reviews the earlier reported work on DBA with a focus on the ITU compliant schemes. The study argues that the existing reported schemes suffer from a few deficiencies such as inefficient bandwidth reporting in their polling process and borrow refund problem while utilizing the unused bandwidth (UBW). To overcome these shortcomings, an efficient bandwidth assignment (EBA) scheme is presented. Extensive simulations are performed to test the performance of the proposed scheme with both Poisson distributed and self-similar traffic patterns. The results show that the EBA scheme efficiently utilizes the UBW and RSB leading up to 80%, 90%, 60% and 99% lesser upstream delays with Poisson traffic pattern and up to 80%, 77% and 99% lesser delay with self-similar traffic compared to GREAL, IACG, and GIANT schemes. However, compared to EBU it shows up to 12% higher delay values due to reduction of its RSB share because of the utilization of UBW by T3 and T4. Overall, compared to other schemes, EBA exhibits least bandwidth waste per cycle resulting in least US delays. The bandwidth waste in EBA is also minimized due to least unallocated bandwidth ratio and frame loss rate. The maximum US delays of all traffic classes for EBA remains under 2 ms for T2 and T3 till the traffic load of 1 and till the load of 0.8 for T4 traffic class.

Efficient upstream bandwidth utilization with minimum bandwidth waste for time and wavelength division passive optical network

The increase in demand for multimedia services and real-time applications has led to the increasing deployment of telecommunication services all over the world. However, this also necessitates the requirement for the enhanced performance in the quality of service (QoS) parameters of the network, such as throughput, packet loss rate (PLR), and end-to-end delay. In this paper, we investigate an integrated fiber-wireless (FiWi) network composed of a 10-Gigabit-capable passive optical network (XG-PON) and IEEE 802.11ac based wireless local area network (WLAN). The paper aims to enhance the throughput of the FiWi network such that each user is granted an uplink bandwidth of 100 Mbps. At the optical line terminal (OLT), the deficit dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm is incorporated to provide the necessary QoS at the users. It has been shown through intensive simulations that the proposed work is able to achieve an improvement in the QoS parameters like average throughput, end-to-end delay, PLR, and aggregate throughput within an acceptable range of International Telecom Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standards.

Performance Evaluation of Integrated XG-PON and IEEE 802.11ac based EDCA Networks

In today’s global IP traffic trend, there are various service types that differ based on users’ demands and technologies deployed in different regions. Besides real time entertainment services, there is also a rapid increase in demand to deliver best-effort services such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP), offline viewing, file sharing, and web browsing in a cost-efficient manner. Integrated fiber-wireless (FiWi) broadband access networks have emerged as a promising broadband access technology that can provide high quality e-services to large number of distributed wireless subscribers. In this paper, we deal with a converged 10-Gigabit capable passive optical network (XG-PON) and an enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) based Wi-Fi architecture that incorporates an efficient deficit dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm at the optical line terminal (OLT) to support different Quality of Service (QoS) needs of users efficiently. The performance evaluation of the integrated network is carried out in the NS-3 simulator and the results are reported in terms of delay and fairness index. It is observed that the performance of the integrated network is improved both in terms of average delay and fairness index up to a certain load.

Performance Analysis of Fairness Oriented Dynamic Bandwidth Algorithm in Integrated Fiber-Wireless Architecture Based on XG-PON and Wi-Fi

Converged Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) broadband access network proves to be a promising candidate that is reliable, robust, cost efficient, ubiquitous and capable of providing huge amount of bandwidth. To meet the ever-increasing bandwidth requirements, it has become very crucial to investigate the performance issues that arise with the deployment of next-generation Passive Optical Network (PON) and its integration with various wireless technologies. Apart from providing high speed internet access for mass use, this combined architecture aims to enable delivery of high quality and effective e-services in different categories including health, education, finance, banking, agriculture and e-government. In this work, we present an integrated architecture of 10-Gigabit-capable PON (XG-PON) and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) that combines the benefits of both technologies to meet the QoS demands of subscribers. Performance evaluation of the standards-compliant hybrid network is done using discrete-event Network Simulator-3 (NS-3) and results are reported in terms of throughput, average delay, average packet loss rate and fairness index. Per-class throughput signifies effectiveness of QoS distribution whereas aggregate throughput indicates effective utilization of wireless channel. This work has not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge.

Ravneet Kaur

Papers

Resource Allocation and QoS Guarantees for Real World IP Traffic in Integrated XG-PON and IEEE802.11e EDCA Networks

Performance Analysis of Fairness Oriented Dynamic Bandwidth Algorithm in Integrated Fiber-Wireless Architecture Based on XG-PON and Wi-Fi

QoS-aware integrated fiber-wireless standard compliant architecture based on XGPON and EDCA