Introduction 
Smartphone usage has become commonplace and impact on sleep quality among adolescents. Adolescent girls have a greater tendency toward sleep quality problems. However, relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students has not been studied.


Objectives 
This study had the two goals: to investigate the relationship between female college students' sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors, and to identify predictors of sleep quality.


Methods 
This study employed a cross-sectional research approach to gather 409 subjects at a junior college in southern Taiwan, and used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, assessment of smartphone dependence, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Logistic regression analysis was employed to check for any association between sleep quality and smartphone dependence or HPLP.


Results 
Sleep quality was significantly associated with degree of smartphone dependence, total HPLP score, and scores on the four HPLP subscales of nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior. The lower the subjects' degree of smartphone dependence was, the better their sleep quality was. Furthermore, the degree of smartphone dependence and total HPLP score were significant predictors of sleep quality.


Conclusions 
Smartphone dependence is associated with poor sleep quality among female college students. Improving health-related behaviors (nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior) can also promote improvement in sleep quality.

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Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students.

Background: During a pandemic, healthcare professionals encounter various health hazards that affect their personal life and workplace Emotional intelligence (EI) has a substantial impact on nurses' success and performance in the healthcare industry However, previous research studies report inconsistent findings regarding how different levels of EI affect job performance (JP), particularly during pandemics The present study contributes to the literature on this contemporary topic by investigating the impact of EI on JP among nurses during COVID-19 crisis management in Saudi Arabia (SA) Methods: In a convenience sampling, 340 nurses from three tertiary hospitals completed an online survey assessing EI and JP during COVID-19 climax levels in March and April, 2020 Only nurses who had direct contact with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were eligible The Wong & Law EI scale (WLEIS) was used in a cross-sectional design to determine participants' EI Empirically, JP was measured by the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software version 20 0 (IBM Corp) Results: Generally, nurses reported, out of a 5 -point Likert scale, moderate to high levels of EI (M = 3 99, SD = 0 434) Nurses in critical care units demonstrated the highest levels of EI, followed by nurses in intensive care, neonatal intensive care, then general nurses Nurses working in respiratory therapy demonstrated the lowest levels Across all groups during crisis, nurses reported a significant impact of EI on JP (beta = 0 389, p < 0 01) Conclusion: Nurses reported satisfactory levels of EI, and most of their practices were aligned with national standards during COVID-19, but slightly in inverse to EI However, more research is necessary to understand the greater impact of stressors influencing JP to the extent that levels of EI are no longer satisfactory

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The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Job Performance During COVID-19 Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Background: Maintenance of good health and a healthy lifestyle have significant impacts on the lives of university students. However, university students are prone to engage in risky health behaviors, resulting in impaired health status. Electronic health (eHealth) literacy is an important factor in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. However, no studies have assessed the eHealth literacy levels and the associated lifestyle behaviors among university students in Japan.
Objective: The purposes of this study were to clarify the eHealth literacy level, the participant characteristics associated with eHealth literacy, and the association of eHealth literacy with lifestyle behaviors of students in a Japanese university.
Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of 3183 students at a national university in Japan was conducted. eHealth literacy was quantified using the Japanese version of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS). The association between participant characteristics (gender, school year, department of study, and living status) and eHEALS score was assessed using t tests. Additionally, the associations of eHealth literacy with lifestyle behaviors (exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, etc.) were evaluated using logistic regression analyses.
Results: The mean eHEALS score was 23.6/40 points. The mean eHEALS score for students in medical departments was 27.0/40 points, which was 2.9 points higher than that of nonmedical students (P<.001). Similarly, the graduate school participants had higher scores than the undergraduate students. The proportion of participants who exercised regularly was higher in the high eHEALS score group than in the low score group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.39 (P<.001).
Conclusions: The eHealth literacy level of university students in Japan was comparable to that of the general Japanese population. Graduate students, as well as those in medical departments, had higher eHealth literacy. Furthermore, students with higher eHealth literacy had better exercise routines.

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Association of eHealth Literacy With Lifestyle Behaviors in University Students: Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Currently, it is considered that mental disorders are related to different types of chronic pathologies; for this reason, efforts to improve general health should also focus on preserving mental health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine through logistic regression if the independent variables (risk factors) such as (X1) age, (X2) sex, (X3) marital status, (X4) number of children, and (X5) occupation have influence on the dependent variables such as lifestyles, depression, anxiety, and stress in Peruvian nursing students. The research study was descriptive, transversal, and prospective; 1193 nursing students from Chorrillos, Ica, and Chincha were evaluated, which constituted the total population for the 2018 semester. The Health Promoting Life Profile-II (HPLP-II) and the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were used as instruments. 53.9% of nursing students had unhealthy lifestyles; however, they presented moderate (19.7%), slight (14.2%), severe (2.5%), and extremely severe (2.4%) anxiety. With respect to depression, it was found that 61.2% and 59.9% of affected students were stressed. A significant association was found only between depression and age ( ) and OR = 2.0 (95% CI 1.3–3.1), anxiety and marital status ( ) and OR = 1.7 (95% CI 1.0–2.6), and lifestyles and sex of the students ( ) and OR = 1.1 (95% CI 1.1–2.3). Finally, it is concluded that Peruvian nursing students showed levels of anxiety ranging from moderate to extremely severe, while most of them had “normal” states of depression and stress and also showed unhealthy lifestyles.

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Lifestyles, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress as Risk Factors in Nursing Apprentices: A Logistic Regression Analysis of 1193 Students in Lima, Peru

Introduction An individual's lifestyle is closely related to the health so that a healthy lifestyle improves the purpose of this study was prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors' perspective. Materials and methods This study was done in cross-sectional method. The statistical population of this study consisted of students in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018. In addition, 10 faculty members in this university and five students were questioned in Delphi method from different educational groups. The questionnaire was used consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic characteristics, and the second part included the standard questions for Pender's health promotion model. The Delphi needs assessment method was also used to collect the information. Results The mean score of students' health-promoting behaviors was average (135.22 ± 19.35). The greatest score of health promotion behaviors was related to the spiritual growth scale (25.3 ± 5.4), and the lowest score was for physical activity (19.7 ± 05.1). The results of the Delphi method also suggested that both groups of faculty members and students believe that the dimensions of health accountability, physical activity, and prevention of high-risk behaviors in the students' lifestyle, need to be intervened. Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that the students' lifestyle at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences was in average condition and low scores in the dimension of physical activity. Planned interventions should be made to promote health-promoting lifestyle among these students.

Prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors' perspective.

College is a critical time where students are more prone to engage in risky health behaviors known to negatively affect well-being, such as physical inactivity, stress, and poor dietary habits. A health promoting lifestyle is an important determinant of health status and is recognized as a major factor for the maintenance and improvement of health. This study was designed to assess the health-promoting lifestyle of students in health colleges and non-health colleges in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1656 students participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Data gathering was conducted from November 2016 to February 2017 at King Saud University. Participating students completed a self-reported questionnaire that included questions regarding their demographic characteristics and their health-promoting behaviors. The majority of participants were females (70.4%), 20% of the participants were overweight and 11.3%, were obese. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between health colleges and non-health colleges with regards to the factor of health responsibility. Students at both schools were found to have an inadequate level of adherence to recommendations regarding physical activity and healthy eating habits. The analysis also found that majority of the students in both colleges do not attend educational programs on health care. The model shows that gender, type of college, year in school, and family structure were significant predictors of the health lifestyle of students in Saudi Arabia. The results of the current study indicate that university students are leading unhealthy lives, where the majority of them have unhealthy eating habits and poor physical activity level. Universities are ideal settings for implementing health promotion programs. Therefore, planning and implementing programs to motivate students to be more responsible for their own health, to engage more in physical activity, and to practice healthy eating habits and other forms of wellness are of paramount importance.

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Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional assessment

The self medication use among adolescents aged between 13-18 years old; Prevalence and behavior, Riyadh - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2014-2015

Objectives: To determine the association between sociodemographic, clinical, and health literacy and the presence of depressed mood and their relationships to diabetes self-management among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods : A total of 352 T2DM patients from 2 public tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia participated in this descriptive cross-sectional study between December 2016 and February 2017. All respondents answered a 4-part questionnaire, which includes demographic data, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), 36-item test based Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, and a 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). The Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were conducted to determine the relationship and significant predictors for self-management among T2DM patients. Results : The analysis showed that majority of the participants had low to marginal functional health literacy. The overall DSM-16 score was good, indicating more effective self-care, while 20% of the participants had a score of 2 or more in the PHQ-2 indicating presence of depressed mood. No significant association was found between DSM and health literacy among the study participants while age, gender, educational level, employment status, and level of the depressive symptom were significantly associated with differences in the level of functional literacy of the participants. Conclusion : The study shows that nearly half of the T2DM patients that exhibited low level of functional health literacy had low diabetes self-management. Our findings also show that gender significantly affects diabetes self-management in which odds are a lot higher among females than males with diabetes self-management. This study underscores the importance of proper counselling and education about diabetes control on both patients and family members. Saudi Med J 2019; Vol. 40 (11): 1158-1166 doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.11.24585 How to cite this article: Almigbal TH, Almutairi KM, Vinluan JM, Batais MA, Alodhayani A, Alonazi WB, et al. Association of health literacy and self-management practices and psychological factor among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia.  Saudi Med J . 2019 Nov;40(11):1158-1166. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.11.24585.

https://smj.org.sa/content/smj/40/11/1158.full.pdf

Association of health literacy and self-management practices and psychological factor among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia

Background In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the 2016 Census indicated that there were more than 1 million people aged 65 years and older, representing 3.3% of the population. Increased life expectancy will lead to a significant increase in the elderly population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by 5-fold (18%) in 2050. Aim This study aimed to measure internal medicine and family medicine residents' attitudes toward elderly patients and evaluate their interest in and barriers to geriatric medicine at King Saud University Medical City. Method A cross-sectional observational analytical study using a convenient sampling method was performed in the internal medicine and family medicine departments at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from April 2017 to August 2017. The total sample size was 101 residents. Data were collected via an online survey using a predesigned validated questionnaire (University of California at Los Angeles Geriatrics Attitudes Scale). Results The results showed a neutral attitude of both family and internal medicine residents with p=0.9 and p=0.6, respectively, without any significant association with their training levels. Moreover, this study showed that 87% of the residents were not willing to consider geriatric medicine as a subspecialty due to the unavailability of a local geriatric training program (59.5%), whereas the cognitive capacity of the patients was the least barrier chosen by the residents (4.8%). Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, most of the participants did not receive training in geriatric medicine, which mandates the need for early exposure to geriatric training in medical schools and the need to integrate this type of training within the major postgraduate training programs of the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties .

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Razan Alhoqail

Papers

Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional assessment

The self medication use among adolescents aged between 13-18 years old; Prevalence and behavior, Riyadh - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 2014-2015

Association of health literacy and self-management practices and psychological factor among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia

Barriers and attitudes of family and internal medicine residents toward geriatric patients: a cross-sectional analytical study.