I. Introduction THE ROLE of PTH as a major physiological regulator of calcium homeostasis has been studied extensively, and both bone and kidney have long been recognized as classical major target organs for PTH action (1, 2). More recently, however, evidence has accumulated which indicates that PTH has diverse biological effects in other tissues as well. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, PTH has been reported to act directly to stimulate calcium transport in the chick duodenum (3) and to increase gastrin release from the pig stomach (4, 5). As discussed in detail later, PTH also is an inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and in other tissues such as trachea, uterus, and vas deferens. In the central nervous system, immunoreactive PTHlike activity has been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid, and its release has been reported from the pituitary and from different regions of the brain of a variety of vertebrates, including mamma...

Parathyroid hormone as a smooth muscle relaxant.

A rapid and selective vasodilator effect of parathyroid hormone

Endocrinology of the Vasculature

Described herein are preparations containing parathyroid hormone that has been stabilized with an excipient and buffering agent. Preferred preparations incorporate human PTH(1-84), mannitol as excipient and citrate as buffering agent, and are incorporated in vials as a freeze-dried powder for reconstitution to treat osteoporosis.

Parathyroid hormone formulation

Bone tissue is highly vascularized due to the various roles bone blood vessels play in bone and bone marrow function. For example, the vascular system is critical for bone development, maintenance and repair and provides O2, nutrients, waste elimination, systemic hormones and precursor cells for bone remodeling. Further, bone blood vessels serve as egress and ingress routes for blood and immune cells to and from the bone marrow. It is becoming increasingly clear that the vascular and skeletal systems are intimately linked in metabolic regulation and physiological and pathological processes. This review examines how agents such as mechanical loading, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, vitamin D and calcitonin, all considered anabolic for bone, have tremendous impacts on the bone vasculature. In fact, these agents influence bone blood vessels prior to influencing bone. Further, data reveal strong associations between vasodilator capacity of bone blood vessels and trabecular bone volume, and poor associations between estrogen status and uterine mass and trabecular bone volume. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of the bone microcirculation, particularly the vascular endothelium and NO-mediated signaling, in the regulation of bone blood flow, bone interstitial fluid flow and pressure and the paracrine signaling of bone cells. Finally, the vascular endothelium as a mediator of bone health and disease is considered.

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Reneman Rs

Papers

Diuretic and vascular action of parathyroid extracts in animals and man.