Cet ouvrage propose un cadre theorique et conceptuel pour l'analyse et la conception des instruments

/pdf/les-hommes-et-les-technologies-approche-cognitive-des-29v3uu3hwz.pdf

Les hommes et les technologies; approche cognitive des instruments contemporains

This paper extends previous research on two approaches to human-centred automation: (1) intermediate levels of automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and (2) adaptive automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time. Some empirical research has been conducted to examine LOA and AA independently, with the objective of detailing a theory of human-centred automation. Unfortunately, no previous work has studied the interaction of these two approaches, nor has any research attempted to systematically determine which LOAs should be used in adaptive systems and how certain types of dynamic function allocations should be scheduled over time. The present research briefly reviews the theory of human-centred automation and LOA and AA approaches. Building on this background, an initial study was presented that attempts to address the conjuncture of these two approa...

/pdf/the-effects-of-level-of-automation-and-adaptive-automation-3ihiro83mn.pdf

The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task

This paper examines the evolution of the focus of user interface research and development from the first production of commercial computer systems in the 1950s through the present. The term “user interface” was not needed in the beginning, when most users were engineers and programmers; it may again become inappropriate when more applications are written for groups than for individuals. But there is a continuity to the outward movement of the computer's interface to its external environment, from hardware to software to increasingly higher-level cognitive capabilities and finally to social processes. As the focus shifts, the approaches to design and the skills required of practitioners changes. In this paper five foci or levels of development are identified. Most development today is positioned in the third level and considerable research is directed at the fourth. Some attention is now being given to the fifth: repositioning the interface in the work group or organization itself. Work at the different levels is not entirely independent, so establishing a comprehensive framework may enable us to position existing research and development efforts and plan future work more effectively.

/pdf/the-computer-reaches-out-the-historical-continuity-of-1tdjbg9npi.pdf

The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design

Adaptive aiding is a human-machine system design concept that involves using aiding/automation only at those points in time when human performance in a system needs support to meet operational requ...

Adaptive aiding for human/computer control

Function allocation is the design decision to determine which functions are to be performed by humans and which are to be performed by machines to achieve the required system goals, and it is closely related to the issue of automation. Some of the traditional strategies of function allocation include (a) assigning each function to the most capable agent (either human or machine), (b) allocating to machine every function that can be automated, and (c) finding an allocation scheme that ensures economical efficiency. However, such “who does what” decisions are not always appropriate from human factors viewpoints. This chapter clarifies why “who does what and when” considerations are necessary, and it explains the concept of adaptive automation in which the control of functions shifts between humans and machines dynamically, depending on environmental factors, operator workload, and performance. Who decides when the control of function must be shifted? That is one of the most crucial issues in adaptive automation. Letting the computer be in authority may conflict with the principle of human-centered automation which claims that the human must be maintained as the final authority over the automation. Qualitative discussions cannot solve the authority problem. This chapter proves the need for quantitative investigations with mathematical models, simulations, and experiments for a better understanding of the authority issue. Starting with the concept of function allocation, this chapter describes how the concept of adaptive automation was invented. The concept of levels of automation is used to explain interactions between humans and machines. Sharing and trading are distinguished to clarify the types of human-automation collaboration. Algorithms for implementing adaptive automation are categorized into three groups, and comparisons are made among them. Benefits and costs of adaptive automation, in relation to decision authority, trust-related issues, and human-interface design, are discussed with some examples.

/pdf/adaptive-automation-sharing-and-trading-of-control-1lt9xgp561.pdf

Adaptive Automation: Sharing and Trading of Control

The conceptual design of a comprehensive support system for operators of complex systems is presented. Key functions within the support system architecture include information management, error monitoring, and adaptive aiding. One of the central knowledge sources underlying this functionality is an operator model that involves a combination of algorithmic and symbolic models for assessing and predicting an operator's activities, awareness, intentions, resources, and performance. Functional block diagrams are presented for the overall architecture as well as the key elements within this architecture. A variety of difficult design issues are discussed, and ongoing efforts aimed at resolving these issues are noted.

An architecture for intelligent interfaces: outline of an approach to supporting operators of complex systems

Four experiments were conducted to assess procedures for obtaining and testing user-selected terms for task specific concepts in complex, unfamiliar work processing instructions Experiment 1 tested user-selected terms against both user-nominated and the original technical terms The final three experiments employed only the user-selected and technical terms The effect of terminology on subjects' abilities to follow the instructions were evaluated by measuring errors and task completion times during the practice period Comprehension of the instructions was assessed by performance on a transfer task Extensive practice produced acceptable and comparable performance for all term types However, instruction comprehension, as measured by the transfer task, was clearly influenced by terminology User-selected word processing terms were more understandable than both user-nominated and the original technical terms In addition, the present study demonstrated that transfer tasks can be a more sensitive (and often a more appropriate) measure of the goodness of a term than learning measures

Renwick E. Curry

Papers

An architecture for intelligent interfaces: outline of an approach to supporting operators of complex systems

An Architecture for Intelligent Interfaces: Outline of an Approach to Supporting Operators of Complex Systems