http://masou-keshtkar.persiangig.com/document/sdarticle.pdf

GSA: A Gravitational Search Algorithm

Superstring theoryをめぐって(放談室)

New technological advances have made it feasible to conduct measurements with precision levels which are suitable for experimental tests of the theory of general relativity. This book has been designed to fill a new need for a complete treatment of techniques for analyzing gravitation theory and experience. The Einstein equivalence principle and the foundations of gravitation theory are considered, taking into account the Dicke framework, basic criteria for the viability of a gravitation theory, experimental tests of the Einstein equivalence principle, Schiff's conjecture, and a model theory devised by Lightman and Lee (1973). Gravitation as a geometric phenomenon is considered along with the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism, the classical tests, tests of the strong equivalence principle, gravitational radiation as a tool for testing relativistic gravity, the binary pulsar, and cosmological tests.

Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics

Motivated by ideas about quantum gravity, a tremendous amount of effort over the past decade has gone into testing Lorentz invariance in various regimes. This review summarizes both the theoretical frameworks for tests of Lorentz invariance and experimental advances that have made new high precision tests possible. The current constraints on Lorentz violating effects from both terrestrial experiments and astrophysical observations are presented.

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Modern Tests of Lorentz Invariance

We review the problem of dark energy, including a survey of theoretical models and some aspects of numerical studies

Dark Energy

The role of convention in various definitions of clock synchronization and simultaneity is investigated. We show that two principal methods of synchronization can be considered: system internal and system external synchronization. Synchronization by the Einstein procedure and by slow clock transport turn out to be equivalent if and only if the time dilatation factor is given by the Einstein result (1−v
2)1/2. An ether theory is constructed that maintains absolute simultaneity and is kinematically equivalent to special relativity.

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A Test Theory of Special Relativity: I. Simultaneity and Clock Synchronization

First-order tests of special relativity are based on a comparison of clocks synchronized with the help of slow clock transport with those synchronized by the Einstein procedure. This comparison enables the measurement of the one-way velocity of light and is equivalent to a measurement of the time dilatation factor. The accuracy of present measurements is of the order 10−7, yielding an upper limit of 3 cm/sec for the ether drift.

A Test Theory of Special Relativity: II. First Order Tests

We present an analytically tractable non-linear model of structure formation in a Universe with only dust. The model is a Lemaitre–Tolman–Bondi solution (of general relativity) and structures are shells of different density. We show that the luminosity distance–redshift relation has significant corrections at low redshift when the density contrast becomes non-linear. A minimal effect is a correction in apparent magnitudes of order . We discuss different possibilities that could further enhance this effect and mimic dark energy.

Non-linear structure formation and ‘apparent’ acceleration: an investigation

We present an analytically solvable nonlinear model of structure formation in a Universe with only dust. The model is an LTB solution (of General Relativity) and structures are shells of different density. We show that the luminosity distance-redshift relation has significant corrections at low redshift when the density contrast becomes nonlinear. A minimal effect is a correction in apparent magnitudes of order 0.15. We discuss different possibilities that could further enhance this effect and mimick Dark Energy.

Nonlinear Structure Formation and "Apparent" Acceleration: an Investigation

Various second-order optical tests of special relativity are discussed within the framework of the test theory developed previously. Owing to the low accuracy of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment, the Lorentz contraction is known by direct experiments only to an accuracy of a few percent. To improve this-accuracy several experiments are suggested.

Reza Mansouri

Papers

A Test Theory of Special Relativity: I. Simultaneity and Clock Synchronization

A Test Theory of Special Relativity: II. First Order Tests

Non-linear structure formation and ‘apparent’ acceleration: an investigation

Nonlinear Structure Formation and "Apparent" Acceleration: an Investigation

A test theory of special relativity: III. Second-order tests