https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

The genetical structure of populations

1Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; 2NMFS/ CZES, Genetics, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112; 3Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801; ~Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024; -SSchool f Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24046

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Intraspecific Phylogeography: The Mitochondrial DNA Bridge Between Population Genetics and Systematics

Publisher Summary This discusses the lifecycle, the methods of culture, the isolation of mutants, the formal genetics, the identification of loci, and the diploids and mitotic recombination of Aspergillus nidulans (A. nidulans). It also presents various methods of genetic analysis, such as heterokaryosis, crossing, recombinant selection from random samples of ascosporesa, and perithecium analysis and relative heterothallism. As in most other filamentous fungi in which sexual reproduction occurs, A. nidulans (Eidam) Winter, an ascomycete shows a vegetative cycle side-by-side with a sexual cycle. On germination, an uninucleate haploid vegetative spore (conidium) produces colorless septate hyphae with multinucleate cells. The sexual cycle is concentrated in specialized organs, the fruiting bodies (cleistothecia or perithecia). The biochemical genetics of A. nidulans, though similar to that of Neurospora and Ophiostoma, has revealed interesting differences in detail: e.g., the inability of citrulline to replace ornithine for strains responding to ornithine or arginine; the inability of tryptophan to replace anthranilic acid for certain strains responding to anthranilic acid or nicotinic acid; the competitive inhibition by lysine of exogenous arginine or ornithine, and its sparing effect on exogenous proline; etc.

The Genetics of Aspergillus nidulans

Rates of spontaneous mutation per genome as measured in the laboratory are remarkably similar within broad groups of organisms but differ strikingly among groups. Mutation rates in RNA viruses, whose genomes contain ca. 10(4) bases, are roughly 1 per genome per replication for lytic viruses and roughly 0.1 per genome per replication for retroviruses and a retrotransposon. Mutation rates in microbes with DNA-based chromosomes are close to 1/300 per genome per replication; in this group, therefore, rates per base pair vary inversely and hugely as genome sizes vary from 6 x 10(3) to 4 x 10(7) bases or base pairs. Mutation rates in higher eukaryotes are roughly 0.1-100 per genome per sexual generation but are currently indistinguishable from 1/300 per cell division per effective genome (which excludes the fraction of the genome in which most mutations are neutral). It is now possible to specify some of the evolutionary forces that shape these diverse mutation rates.

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Rates of Spontaneous Mutation

This review describes new developments in the study of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, a component of epigenetics. We start by examining the basic concepts of the field and the mechanisms that underlie epigenetic inheritance. We present a comprehensive review of transgenerational cellular epigenetic inheritance among different taxa in the form of a table, and discuss the data contained therein. The analysis of these data shows that epigenetic inheritance is ubiquitous and suggests lines of research that go beyond present approaches to the subject. We conclude by exploring some of the consequences of epigenetic inheritance for the study of evolution, while also pointing to the importance of recognizing and understanding epigenetic inheritance for practical and theoretical issues in biology.

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Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution

In this book, Goldschmidt inquires into the types of hereditary differences that produce new species. Goldschmidt used a wide range of research to formulate his own picture of evolution. Contrary to near-unanimity among scientists, he insisted that the neo-Darwinian theory of micromutations applied only within species and was no longer tenable as a general theory of evolution. Instead, Goldschmidt claimed, macroevolution resulted from larger jumps in genotype - across "bridgeless gaps" - related either to systemic mutations or to mutations affecting early development.

The material basis of evolution.

Physiologische Theorie der Vererbung

Injections of 5-7 microgram (6-9 nmol) of colchicine into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of mature rats result in widespread destruction of dentate granule cells with little, if any, damage to other cell populations, including hippocampal pyramidal cells. Selective destruction of dentate granule cells is also observed after intraventricular injections. The destructive effects of colchicine appear as soon as 12 hr after the injection and lead to the disappearance of the granule cells over a period of days. Whereas the effects on nongranule cell populations in the hippocampus appear to be reversed by approximately 11 days after injection, the granule cells are almost completely absent at long intervals after injection. At the long postinjection survival intervals the disappearance of the granule cells is accompanied by elimination of their terminal projections, the mossy fibers, as revealed by Timm staining for heavy metals. Because the preferential neurotoxic effects of colchicine do not result in morbidity or obvious behavioral debilitation, the toxicity may prove useful for studying the functional consequences of removing specific cell populations in the central nervous system.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/8834.pdf

Preferential neurotoxicity of colchicine for granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the adult rat.

Es liegt in der Literatur ein ungeheures kasuistisches Material uber sexuelle Zwischenstufen von den Wurmern bis zum Menschen vor, die nach zufalligen Funden mehr oder weniger genau beschrieben werden und die verschiedenartigsten Bezeichnungen erhielten, wie Hermaphroditen, Pseudohermaphroditen, Intersexe, Gynan-dromorphe. Von einer auch nur teilweisen Aufzahlung solcher Falle sei abgesehen, da sie meistens nichts Neues lehren und gegenuber den Experimentaltatsachen bedeutungslos sind. Nur bei den hochsten Wirbeltieren wird es mangels an Experimentalmaterial notig sein, auch solches Material heranzuziehen.

Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen

IN his miiuch-discussed presidential address at the 1914 meeting of the British Association, the great skeptic William Bateson finished with the following sentence: \"Somewhat reluctantly and rather from a sense of duty I have devoted most of this address to the evolutionary aspects of genetic research. We can not keep these things out of our heads, as sometimes we wish we could. The outcome, as you will have seen, is negative, destroying much that till lately passed for gospel.\" *This negative standpoint was certainly justified to a certain extent by the results of early Mendelian work, which led more in the direction of evolutionary skepticism than optimism. Almost twenty years have passed since, which have witnessed an unbelievable increase in the knowledge of genetical facts. And whereas, as Bateson says, we can not keep these things, namely, the evolutionary 1 Paper read at a general meeting of the American Association for the aspect of genetics, out of our heads, geneticists from time to time like to leave their bottles, breeding cages and seed pans and to review the advances of experimental work in regard to their bearing on problems of evolution. I must confess to have been repeatedly guilty myself of this sin during the past 15 years, with the result that the curve of my deliberations was oscillating between skepticism and optimism and still is doing so. Let me not be misunderstood: not skepticism in regard to evolution, which I regard as a historic fact, as all biologists do; but skepticism and optimism regarding the insight into the means of evolution on the basis of genetic facts. You all know that the majority of the geneticists are today rather optimistic. Genetic experimentation certainly has shown that the sudden changes of the hereditary units, the genes, called mutations occur with sufficient frequency to furnish material for selection; it has shown that in plants at least considerable changes, amounting to the formation of

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/78/2033/539.full.pdf

Richard Goldschmidt

Papers

The material basis of evolution.

Physiologische Theorie der Vererbung

Preferential neurotoxicity of colchicine for granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the adult rat.

Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen

Some aspects of evolution.