The characteristics of a biological fluid sample having an analyte are determined from a model constructed from plural known biological fluid samples. The model is a function of the concentration of materials in the known fluid samples as a function of absorption of wideband infrared energy. The wideband infrared energy is coupled to the analyte containing sample so there is differential absorption of the infrared energy as a function of the wavelength of the wideband infrared energy incident on the analyte containing sample. The differential absorption causes intensity variations of the infrared energy incident on the analyte containing sample as a function of sample wavelength of the energy, and concentration of the unknown analyte is determined from the thus-derived intensity variations of the infrared energy as a function of wavelength from the model absorption versus wavelength function.

Method of and apparatus for determining the similarity of a biological analyte from a model constructed from known biological fluids

The present invention is directed toward systems for conducting laser range and enabling optical communication between a plurality of entities and to the application of such systems in a secure covert combat identification system. In one embodiment, the present invention uses a novel laser system that generates high pulse rates, as required for optical communications, while concurrently generating sufficiently high power levels, as required by laser range finding operations. One application of the present invention is in enabling secure covert communications between a plurality of parties. Another application of the present invention is in tracking and identifying the movement of objects.

Integrated optical communication and range finding system and applications thereof

A system for remote near infra red (NIR) spectral analysis of hydrocarbons using telecommunication optical fibers for real-time on-line transmission of NIR spectral information from an examined hydrocarbon sample to a remote analyzer comprising (a) a light source for generating near infra red radiation; (b) an optical probe head being at on-line contact with an analyzed hydrocarbon sample; (c) at least one telecommunication transmitting optical fiber for inputting the near infra red radiation into the optical probe head, such that the radiation passes at least once through the hydrocarbon sample, such that a spectrum of the sample is generated; (d) a detector for analyzing the spectrum, the detector and the light source being part of an analyzer; and (e) at least one telecommunication receiving optical fiber for receiving the radiation after the passing through the sample and inputting the radiation into the detector.

System for remote transmission of spectral information through communication optical fibers for real-time on-line hydrocarbons process analysis by near infra red spectroscopy

A combat IFF system, for use in a combat exercise or on the battlefield, including a helmet-mounted passive IFF response unit and a weapon-mounted IFF interrogatory unit for each soldier. Infrared (IR) signals are employed for both challenge and response. The IR response signal is a very narrowly-targeted reflection of the relatively narrow IR transmit signal, thereby minimizing interception opportunities. The transmit and response signals are encoded in a transaction that cannot be compromised even when either or both signals are intercepted and decoded by the enemy. The combat IFF system includes biometric anti-spoofing features that prevent any use by an enemy in possession of captured units. Military radio-frequency (RF) spectrum is not required so there are no bandwidth limitations on simultaneous IFF transactions in the battlefield. A combat IFF transaction is completed in milliseconds.

Secure covert combat identification friend-or-foe (IFF) system for the dismounted soldier

A method and system for a device to embed a low signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) communications signal into the backscatter of an illuminating signal. The illuminating signal may be acoustic or electromagnetic (EM) such as radio frequency (RF), light, or infrared (IR). The embedded communications signal may be recovered at a desired receiver.

Low sinr backscatter communications system and method

An optical system for determining if a target object is an object of a first kind, including means for illuminating the target object along an incident path with coherent light of a selected nature means, for retro-reflecting coherent light from an object of a first kind, means for detecting the nature of light reflected from at least a portion of the target object, means for comparing the nature of the detected light to the selected nature, and means for indicating that said target object is an object of a first kind if the nature of said detected light is the same as the selected nature. Alternative embodiments include encoding interrogating and retro-reflected light signals at both the interrogating station and target stations, and the use of a verification signal directed at the target object prior to illumination of the target object with an interrogating beam. Phase conjugate mirrors are preferably employed as the retro-reflecting means and it is preferable that the phase conjugate mirror be comprised of HgCdTe. Methods of determining whether a target object is an object of a first kind, corresponding to the disclosed devices, are also disclosed.

Method and means of identifying objects with retro-reflected light

Means and methods are provided for determining the energy content of a hydrocarbon fuel by infrared spectroscopy. The relationship between the energy content of the fuel and the number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds in the fuel is disclosed. This relationship is utilized to determine the energy content of the hydrocarbon fuel by measuring the concentration of such carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrocarbon bonds by infrared spectroscopy. A first embodiment irradiates a hydrocarbon fuel with infrared radiation of wavelengths at which specific carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds strongly absorb. A detector array and microprocessor process the data to compute the energy content of the fuel or rate of energy consumption by a device using the fuel. A second embodiment exposes the hydrocarbon fuel to infrared energy by using frustrated total internal reflection.

Infrared energy gage

Apparatus for determining the density of fluids in containers utilizing an x-ray source and two radiation detectors located at different distances from the source by a known amount The outputs of the detectors are ratioed to produce a signal which varies with the density of the fluid lying between the source and the two detectors

Richard J. Borken

Papers

Method and means of identifying objects with retro-reflected light

Infrared energy gage

Low radiation densitometer

Vorrichtung zur messung der dichte eines fluides