Microbial α-amylases: a biotechnological perspective

Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: a review.

Microbial cellulases have shown their potential application in various industries including pulp and paper, textile, laundry, biofuel production, food and feed industry, brewing, and agriculture. Due to the complexity of enzyme system and immense industrial potential, cellulases have been a potential candidate for research by both the academic and industrial research groups. Nowadays, significant attentions have been devoted to the current knowledge of cellulase production and the challenges in cellulase research especially in the direction of improving the process economics of various industries. Scientific and technological developments and the future prospects for application of cellulases in different industries are discussed in this paper.

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Microbial Cellulases and Their Industrial Applications

Proteins. Structures and molecular properties, T.E. Creighton. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1984), 515, $36.95

The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilisis capable of using numerous carbohydrates as single sources of carbon and energy. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of carbon catabolism and its regulation. Like many other bacteria, B. subtilis uses glucose as the most preferred source of carbon and energy. Expression of genes involved in catabolism of many other substrates depends on their presence (induction) and the absence of carbon sources that can be well metabolized (catabolite repression). Induction is achieved by different mechanisms, with antitermination apparently more common in B. subtilis than in other bacteria. Catabolite repression is regulated in a completely different way than in enteric bacteria. The components mediating carbon catabolite repression in B. subtilis are also found in many other gram-positive bacteria of low GC content.

Regulation of carbon catabolism in Bacillus species.

Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases.

Workers of tanneries, welding industries, factories manufacturing chromate containing paints are exposed to hexavalent chromium that increases the risk of developing serious adverse health effects. This review elucidates the mode of action of hexavalent chromium on blood and its adverse effects. Both leukocyte and erythrocyte counts of blood sharply decreased in Swiss mice after two weeks of intraperitoneal treatment with Cr (VI), with the erythrocytes transforming into echinocytes. The hexavalent chromium in the blood is readily reduced to trivalent form and the reductive capacity of erythrocytes is much greater than that of plasma. Excess Cr (VI), not reduced in plasma, may enter erythrocytes and lymphocytes and in rodents it induces microcytic anemia. The toxic effects of chromium (VI) include mitochondrial injury and DNA damage of blood cells that leads to carcinogenicity. Excess Cr (VI) increases cytosolic Ca2+ activity and ATP depletion thereby inducing eryptosis. Se, vitamin C, and quercetin are assumed to have some protective effect against hexavalent chromium induced hematological disorders.

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Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview

Current Commercial Perspective of Rhizopus oryzae: A Review

(1996). Microbial β-Amylases: Biosynthesis, Characteristics, and Industrial Applications. Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 181-199.

Rina Rani Ray

Papers

Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases.

Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview

Current Commercial Perspective of Rhizopus oryzae: A Review

Microbial β-Amylases: Biosynthesis, Characteristics, and Industrial Applications

Microbial Isoamylases: An Overview