Agricultural Pests of South Asia and Their Management

This study was conducted to compare the effects of commercially available (C) and green synthesized (GS) Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on immunological responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus. GS ZnO-NPs were generated using Thymus pubescent and characterized by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Fish (n = 150) were randomly allocated into five groups in triplicate and received a waterborne concentration of 0% (control), 25%, and 50% of LC50 96 h of commercially available (C1 and C2) and green synthesized ZnO-NPs (GS1 and GS2) for 21 days. Results from XRD displayed ZnO-NPs with 58 nm in size and UV-vis DRS, EDX, and FT-IR analysis showed that some functional groups from plant extract bonded to the surface of NPs. The SEM images showed that ZnO-NPs have conical morphology. Acute toxicity study showed a higher dose of LC5096h for green synthesized ZnO-NPs (78.9 mg.L−1) compared to the commercial source (59.95 mg.L−1). The highest activity of lysozyme and alternative complement activity (ACH50) were found in control and GS1 groups. A significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was found in C1 and C2 groups compared to other treatments. Protease activity (P) was significantly decreased in the C2 group compared to the control and GS groups. Total immunoglobulin (total Ig) content was the highest in the control. In addition, total Ig in the GS1 group was higher than GS2. The exposure to ZnO-NPs lowered total protein content in all experimental groups when compared to control. Present findings revealed lower induced immunosuppressive effects by green synthesized ZnO-NPs on key parameters of fish skin mucus.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/6/3270/pdf

Chemically and green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles alter key immunological molecules in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin mucus

Due to a swift and continuous growth of the insect rearing industry during the last two decades, there is a need for a better understanding of insect diseases (caused by insect pathogens). In the i...

Diseases in edible insect rearing systems

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214402

Zinc associated nanomaterials and their intervention in emerging respiratory viruses: Journey to the field of biomedicine and biomaterials

To overcome those problems caused by repeated and indiscriminate uses of conventional insecticides, it is necessary to seek environmentally safe and low-cost alternatives for pest control. Among the effective alternatives are anti-JH compounds. The present articlewas prepared aiming to present an updated overview of different categories of compounds possessing anti-JH activity and their effects on survival, growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of several insects of different orders. This article focused, also, on the effects of these compounds of other physiological processes in insects, such as polyphenism, behavior, diapause, metabolism, enzymatic activities, chemoreceptors and pheromone production, as well as their antifeedant effects against some insect pests. Compounds with anti-JH activity are considered as new representatives of IGRs lacking some disadvantages of juvenoid-type chemicals. In this review we described some advantageous uses of some anti-JH compounds, imidazoles in particular, in the sericulture and silk research fields. In addition, it shed some light on the action mechanisms of anti-JH agents and described the fate of them in the insect body. It is obvious from the present review that the practical use of anti-JH compounds in the pest management has been challenged by some limitations and restrictions. These compounds should be assessed against different insect pests under field conditions. However, these anti-JH agents can be considered as new leads for devising fourth generation insecticides. On the other hand, some of the anti-JH analogues of imidazoles have been successfully used in the practical production of natural silkin the world.

https://eajbsa.journals.ekb.eg/article_11687_6a4beb358408e0a734f5aa0db11bf0dc.pdf

Physiological Activities of Anti-Juvenile Hormone Agents Against Insects and Their Role For Devising Fourth Generation Insecticides: A Comprehensive Review

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in many applications; however, their interactions with cells, immune cells in particular, and potential health risk(s) are not fully known. In this manuscript, we have demonstrated the potential of ZnO NPs to cross the gut barrier in an invertebrate model, Bombyx mori, and that they can reach the hemolymph where they interact with and/or are taken up by immune-competent cells resulting in various toxic responses like decline in hemocyte viability, ROS generation, morphological alterations, apoptotic cell death, etc. Exposure to these NPs also resulted in alteration of hemocyte dynamics including an immediate increase in THC, possibly due to the release of these hemocytes either from enhanced rate of cell divisions or from attached hemocyte populations, and decline in percentage of prohemocytes and increase in percentage of two professional phagocytes, i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes, possibly due to the differentiation of prohemocytes into phagocytes in response to a perceived immune challenge posed by these NPs. Taken together, our data suggest that ZnO NPs have the potential to cross gut barrier and cause various toxic effects that could reverse and the insects could return to normal physiological states as there is restoration and repair of various systems and their affected pathways following the clearance of these NPs from the insect body. Our study also indicates that B. mori has the potential to serve as an effective alternate animal model for biosafety, environmental monitoring and screening of NPs, particularly to evaluate their interactions with invertebrate immune system.

/pdf/accumulation-and-trafficking-of-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-in-ygwlqte7zf.pdf

Accumulation and trafficking of zinc oxide nanoparticles in an invertebrate model, Bombyx mori, with insights on their effects on immuno-competent cells

NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management

Six different concentrations viz. 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% of fenoxycarb were topically applied at 2µl dose to the last instar larvae of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. There was a concentration-based and time-dependent response with respect to various life cycle parameters as quantified in the present work. The larvae treated with 0.5% and 1.0% fenoxycarb did not reach the adult stage as the mortality occurred owing to direct knockdown, incomplete moulting and unsuccessful metamorphosis. At concentration 0.05% and 0.025% fenoxycarb resulted in retardation of metamorphosis and developmental rate of the surviving C. cephalonica larva/pupae which, during the course of developmental path, showed morphological abnormalities. The females that emerged from treated stock exhibited malformed reproductive system along with reduced fecundity and hatchability. Furthermore, when the normal eggs were contact exposed to fenoxycarb (0.025% to 1.0%) the hatching was prevented in 37.2%-57.2% eggs; thus indicating the gonadotropic action of the current juvenoid. Therefore, fenoxycarb appears to be a promising agent for the control of C. cephalonica with the pronounced effects on the development and reproduction.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartH/4-3-208-887.pdf

Fenoxycarb - a potent inhibitor of metamorphosis and reproduction in Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0887233322000753/pdf/S0887233322000753.pdf

Pentachlorophenol mediated regulation of DAMPs and inflammation: In vitro study.

Five experimental dietary formulations (D1-D5) were prepared which composed of sorghum, millet and maize as base diet to rear and maintain the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica under laboratory conditions. The base composition was supplemented with groundnut in case of D2; and with vitamin B, H and E in D3, D4 and D5 respectively. The parameters studied in the present work were larval as well as adult male and female weight, total developmental period, percent moth emergence, fecundity, weight of eggs and food efficiency index. The Diet D5 was found to outperform other dietary formulations as it resulted in highest larval weight (60.4 mg), adult male weight (17.2 mg), adult female weight (38.4 mg), fecundity (399.2) and food efficiency index (8.45). Diet D2 was also found to yield better result when other parameters like total developmental period and percentage of moth emergence were taken into consideration. The obtained results provide suitable diets for mass rearing, thus contributing significantly for the large scale production of C. cephalonica.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2015/vol3issue4/PartF/3-4-90.pdf

Studies on the efficacy of various diet formulations on growth and development of Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), an important host of various parasitoids

Rizwana Begum

Papers

Accumulation and trafficking of zinc oxide nanoparticles in an invertebrate model, Bombyx mori, with insights on their effects on immuno-competent cells

NADPH oxidase family proteins: signaling dynamics to disease management

Fenoxycarb - a potent inhibitor of metamorphosis and reproduction in Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)

Pentachlorophenol mediated regulation of DAMPs and inflammation: In vitro study.

Studies on the efficacy of various diet formulations on growth and development of Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), an important host of various parasitoids