Een onderzoek naar het meten van bewust onderpresteren (ook wel malingering) door patienten die onderzocht worden op de geheugenpoli in het ziekenhuis van Maastricht.

Test of Memory Malingering

Although the Hispanic population is a burgeoning ethnic group in the United States, little is known about their pain-related experience. To address this gap, we critically reviewed the existing literature on pain experience and management among Hispanic Americans (HAs). We focused our review on the literature on nonmalignant pain, pain behaviors, and pain treatment seeking among HAs. Pain management experiences were examined from HA patients' and health care providers' perspectives. Our literature search included variations of the term "Hispanic" with "AND pain" in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO databases. A total of 117 studies met our inclusion criteria. We organized the results into a conceptual model with separate categories for biological and/or psychological and sociocultural and/or systems-level influences on HAs' pain experience, response to pain, and seeking and receiving pain care. We also included information on health care providers' experience of treating HA patients with pain. For each category, we identified future areas of research. We conclude with a discussion of limitations and clinical implications. Perspective In this critical review of the literature we examined the pain and management experiences of the HA population. We propose a conceptual model, which highlights findings from the existing literature and future areas of research.

The pain experience of Hispanic Americans: A critical literature review and conceptual model

Using the theoretical lenses of intersectionality and racial-ethnic socialization, we conducted a focus group study with 29 Black women. We analyzed transcripts via a grounded theory approach for t...

“No [Right] Way to Be a Black Woman”: Exploring Gendered Racial Socialization Among Black Women:

Abstract:Most Black women who experience psychological distress do not receive mental health services because the dominant model of service delivery is often inaccessible and culturally disengaged. This mismatch of westernized approaches to mental health neglects the cultural significance of informal helping networks, spirituality, and interdependence found in the Black community. Based in Africana Womanism, an exploration of healing modalities in traditional African societies reveals the influential role of hair and spirituality in holistic wellness practices. Therefore, “PsychoHairapy” is a community health model created to secure space for Black women to address mental health and well-being through hair care. PsychoHairapy is grounded in traditional African spiritual systems that are culturally relevant by focusing on relationships that promote healthy practices. The theory and the practice of PsychoHairapy includes training hair care professionals in micro-counseling techniques, psychologists housing private psychotherapy sessions within the hair care setting, facilitating salon-based group therapy, and the distribution of psychoeducational materials and workshops to Black women.

PsychoHairapy: Using Hair as an Entry Point into Black Women's Spiritual and Mental Health

The cry for help is one of the explanations of results indicating negative impression management on symptom validity tests (SVTs) and respondent validity scales of personality and related inventories used in the area of psychological/psychiatric injury and law. One common interpretation of scale/test findings like these is that respondents are exaggerating, and their symptoms are due to feigning or even malingering. However, research shows that patients with scale/test results on these measures and inventories that indicate symptom over-reporting might be expressing genuine extreme psychopathology or emotional distress. A related possibility is that the respondents are catastrophizing, thinking the worst, desperate and pleading for understanding and help. That is, they might be “crying out for help.” The cry for help motivation in the context of psychiatric forensic disability and related psychiatric/psychological evaluations is poorly defined in the literature, leading to contradictory research results and interpretations. Also, certain conditions and disorders that are relevant to forensic disability evaluations and related contexts might, in and of themselves, include a cry for help, complicating the forensic conclusion (e.g., dissociation, somatic symptom disorder). The present paper addresses definitional issues related to the cry for help, including its conscious/unconscious status, reviews the literature on it, suggests ways of measuring it (and the prevalence of malingering), indicates the ethical scope of when it should be used, and offers research strategies to improve the reliability and validity of its use in the forensic disability and related evaluation context.

The Cry for Help in Psychological Injury and Law: Concepts and Review

A great amount of literature is dedicated to racial identity and self-perception, but very little addresses how hair may play a critical role in how African American women view themselves and others. African American women choose to wear their hair in a variety of styles, including weaves, wigs, dreads, chemically processed, or non-chemically processed (often referred to as “natural hair”). Researchers conducted a study that explored 282 African American females from urban and rural communities, varying in age, socio-economic status, and education levels and discussed the reporting of the hairstyles they currently wear, what styles they believe are more attractive/unattractive, what styles they believe are more professional/unprofessional, and what influenced the style they currently wear. In addition, these women completed the Rotter’s Locus of Control and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scales. Regression analyses indicated there was a slight but significant positive correlation between a higher internal locus ...

African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception

Objective: Intentional exaggeration of symptoms is a potential problem in contexts where there are financial incentives to appear disabled. Therefore, calibration of tools to accurately evaluate ma...

Detecting malingered pain-related disability with the pain catastrophizing scale: a criterion groups validation study.

Competent forensic psychologists constantly pursue the understanding of cultural differences. The purposes of this paper were to describe and explain the literature regarding the influences of the Hispanic culture on reports of pain-related symptoms and disabilities, and to illustrate ways in which culture-specific factors can impact a forensic psychological evaluation that includes malingering identification. The reviewed literature indicates that, as a group, Hispanics do not consistently differ from other ethnic groups on pain-related symptom reports. However, when examining culture-specific indicators, individuals from a Puerto Rican background and those with high acculturation to the American culture tend to report more pain and psychological distress than non-Hispanic Whites and other Hispanic subgroups. Additionally, language barriers and cultural-structured views of health and illness seem to hinder help-seeking options among the Mexican and less-acculturated Hispanics. Based on these results, we discuss a number of recommendations to make forensic psychological evaluations more sensitive to differences in acculturation and country of heritage. By taking these within-culture characteristics into consideration, the forensic psychologist can most accurately comprehend the meanings associated with the Hispanic client’s pain-related experience.

Robert C. Nicks

Papers

African American Personal Presentation: Psychology of Hair and Self-Perception

Detecting malingered pain-related disability with the pain catastrophizing scale: a criterion groups validation study.

Pain-Related Symptom Reporting Among Hispanics: Implications for Forensic Psychological Evaluations