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Modern Applied Statistics With S

A census of the biomass on Earth is key for understanding the structure and dynamics of the biosphere. However, a global, quantitative view of how the biomass of different taxa compare with one another is still lacking. Here, we assemble the overall biomass composition of the biosphere, establishing a census of the ≈550 gigatons of carbon (Gt C) of biomass distributed among all of the kingdoms of life. We find that the kingdoms of life concentrate at different locations on the planet; plants (≈450 Gt C, the dominant kingdom) are primarily terrestrial, whereas animals (≈2 Gt C) are mainly marine, and bacteria (≈70 Gt C) and archaea (≈7 Gt C) are predominantly located in deep subsurface environments. We show that terrestrial biomass is about two orders of magnitude higher than marine biomass and estimate a total of ≈6 Gt C of marine biota, doubling the previous estimated quantity. Our analysis reveals that the global marine biomass pyramid contains more consumers than producers, thus increasing the scope of previous observations on inverse food pyramids. Finally, we highlight that the mass of humans is an order of magnitude higher than that of all wild mammals combined and report the historical impact of humanity on the global biomass of prominent taxa, including mammals, fish, and plants.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/25/6506.full.pdf

The biomass distribution on Earth

This paper reviews the current knowledge of microbial processes affecting C sequestration in agroecosystems. The microbial contribution to soil C storage is directly related to microbial community dynamics and the balance between formation and degradation of microbial byproducts. Soil microbes also indirectly influence C cycling by improving soil aggregation, which physically protects soil organic matter (SOM). Consequently, the microbial contribution to C sequestration is governed by the interactions between the amount of microbial biomass, microbial community structure, microbial byproducts, and soil properties such as texture, clay mineralogy, pore-size distribution, and aggregate dynamics. The capacity of a soil to protect microbial biomass and microbially derived organic matter (MOM) is directly and/or indirectly (i.e., through physical protection by aggregates) related to the reactive properties of clays. However, the stabilization of MOM in the soil is also related to the efficiency with which microorganisms utilize substrate C and the chemical nature of the byproducts they produce. Crop rotations, reduced or no-tillage practices, organic farming, and cover crops increase total microbial biomass and shift the community structure toward a more fungal-dominated community, thereby enhancing the accumulation of MOM. A quantitative and qualitative improvement of SOM is generally observed in agroecosystems favoring a fungal-dominated community, but the mechanisms leading to this improvement are not completely understood. Gaps within our knowledge on MOM-C dynamics and how they are related to soil properties and agricultural practices are identified.

/pdf/bacterial-and-fungal-contributions-to-carbon-sequestration-3i9a4yeaey.pdf

Bacterial and Fungal Contributions to Carbon Sequestration in Agroecosystems

Does organic farming benefit biodiversity

A framework for soil food web diagnostics : extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept

Following the spread of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), into Minnesota and Wisconsin U.S.A. during 1994-1997, three field trials were conducted in Minnesota to assess the potential for leafminer resistance among several sources of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), germplasm. In 1998, 86 entries were evaluated, most of which were experimental populations. In addition, six commercial varieties of alfalfa were evaluated. Of the six varieties, four had been bred for various levels of glandular-hair expression, specifically for resistance to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris)(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). In two of three trials, we found no significant differences in leafmining injury to trifoliolates among the 86 entries, or among glandular-haired and traditional commercial varieties. At one location, ‘Arrest,’ ‘Ameriguard 301,’ and ‘DK 121 HG’ incurred significantly less pinhole injury than the glandular-haired variety ‘5347 LH’ or the commercial standard, ‘5454.’ However, after accounting for both pinhole and leafmining injury, only ‘Arrest’ and ‘Ameriguard 301’ had less injury than ‘5347 LH,’ ‘DK 121 HG,’ or the standard ‘5454.’ The low levels of resistance to A. frontella injury, among glandular-haired commercial alfalfa varieties and numerous experimental populations M. sativa, confirm the need for alternative A. frontella management strategies such as biological control and possible manipulation of harvest schedules. ____________________ Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a pest of European origin that was first detected in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in North America in 1968 (Miller and Jensen 1970; Harcourt 1973). In the earlyto mid-1970s, the insect was a significant pest of alfalfa in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada (e.g., Hendrickson and Day 1986; Harcourt et al. 1988). However, the economic impact of this insect on alfalfa yield and quality has been difficult to estimate. MacCollom (1980) observed no significant yield effect but reported losses of 0.7 to 2.4% in crude protein. Thompson (1981) found no significant impact by A. frontella on alfalfa yield, yet quantitative estimates of A. frontella density were not reported. Byers and Valley (1981) reported reductions in digestible dry matter of 11.04%, a 12.07% loss in crude protein, and a 22% reduction in chlorophyll for leaflets infested with mines when A. frontella densities were high. Summarizing several yield impact studies, within the context of a sustained A. frontella infestation in the northeastern U.S., Hendrickson and Plummer (1983) concluded that even small reductions in yield resulted in annual regional losses of ca. $13 million. Both the larvae and adult females of A. frontella cause injury (e.g., Guppy 1981). After emerging from eggs laid on the underside of alfalfa leaflets, larvae consume the mesoderm of the leaflet, and, in the process create a uniquely shaped mine or blotch, typically resembling a large comma (Bereza 1979). Adult 1Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 2Address correspondence to: hutch002@umn.edu. 3Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. 1 Venette et al.: Evaluation of Experimental Populations and Glandular-Haired Varie Published by ValpoScholar, 2004 2004 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 189 females wound the plant by puncturing leaflets with their ovipositors. The females then imbibe the fluids. After some time, the injured tissues will senesce, leaving distinctive “pinholes.” An individual leaflet may have as many as 1,000 pinholes (Bereza 1979). Agromyza frontella was first detected in northern Minnesota in 1994 and rapidly spread to southern Minnesota and western Wisconsin by 1996 (Hutchison et al. 1997). The leafminer was subsequently detected in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois in 1997 (Venette et al. 1999). By 1998-1999, we also confirmed infestations in North Dakota, South Dakota, and northwest Iowa (Venette et al. 1999). Lundgren et al. (1999) subsequently documented a westward movement of the leafminer across Manitoba, Canada; additional surveys confirmed the presence of A. frontella as far west as Saskatchewan, Canada (Soroka et al. 2000). Research in Minnesota indicated that currently registered alfalfa insecticides, including the pyrethroids, provided inconsistent control of A. frontella (Burkness et al. 1999a,b). In addition, although several parasitoids have been shown to attack the leafminer in the eastern U.S. and in Canada (Drea and Hendrickson 1986; Harcourt et al. 1988), a relatively low incidence of parasitism has been reported thus far in Minnesota (Hutchison et al. 1997). Given the need for consistent management strategies for A. frontella, we initiated studies to assess the potential for varietal resistance to the leafminer, using multiple sources of Medicago sativa germplasm and selected glandularhaired commercial varieties. Glandular-haired experimental populations, with activity against the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris)(Homoptera: Cicadellidae), were first developed in the 1970s (e.g., Shade et al. 1979); commercial varieties were first released in the late 1990s (Ranger and Hower 2001; Sulc et al. 2001). Although several glandular-haired varieties confer resistance to E. fabae (Sulc et al. 2001), the mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. For A. frontella, the trichomes may provide a physical barrier to adults seeking oviposition or feeding sites (MacLean and Byers 1983), or they may produce substrates that repel the insects when searching the leaf surface. If either mechanism were true, it is possible that the glandular hairs that affect E. fabae could also confer some level of resistance to A. frontella. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of several glandular-haired varieties and recent M. sativa germplasm for tolerance to A. frontella. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 1998, we sampled three established alfalfa variety trials in Minnesota for plant damage caused by A. frontella. The trials were located at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station (Dakota Co.), University of Minnesota, and on a commercial farm near St. Martin, in central Minnesota (Stearns Co.). All trials were designed to evaluate cultivars for agronomic characteristics and forage quality following established protocols (Sheaffer et al. 1998). The general design of each trial (designated by its location and original purpose) and the specific parameters we measured are described below. The number of parameters was adjusted by the size of the trial and the size of the plants. Sample dates for all locations were selected to coincide with periods of pinhole and leafmining activity in July-August (e.g., Venette et al. 1999). In all variety trials, 20 stems were collected at random from each plot. Stems were cut at the soil surface. Samples were cooled to 16°C and brought to the laboratory for processing. Each trifoliolate on a stem was examined for pinholes or mines. The percentage of stems with at least one injured trifoliolate (pinhole or mining), a measure of the incidence of plant injury, was noted. Percentages were arcsine (sqrt)-transformed and analyzed using PROC GLM to compensate for missing observations (SAS 1998); means separation was done using the RyanEinot-Welsch multiple range test (SAS 1998). All remaining variables for each 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 37, No. 2 [2004], Art. 10 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol37/iss2/10 190 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 37, Nos. 3 & 4 location also were analyzed by PROC GLM and the Ryan-Einot-Welsch multiple range test (SAS 1998). Rosemount, Multiple Entries. This trial consisted of 86 entries, which were planted 3 May 1995, in a randomized-complete-block design. ‘Vernal’ and ‘5454’ were included as common, non-glandular-haired, commercial varieties for comparison. Each entry was replicated four times, of which we sampled the first three replicates. In total, 5,160 stems were examined. Individual entry plots within a replicate were 0.9m x 6.0m. Within a block, no border separated the length of each plot. Blocks were separated by 3-m borders of alfalfa. Plots were sampled 10 July 1998, just before the second cutting. None of the plots were treated with insecticides. Rosemount, Glandular-haired Varieties. Data for commercial varieties were collected from a variety x insecticide study designed to assess the impact of glandular-haired varieties and insecticidal control on E. fabae. However, based on preliminary data obtained from insecticide treated plots (RCV, unpublished) showing minimal impact of permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC, FMC Corp.) on A. frontella, we only collected A. frontella data from the untreated alfalfa plots. The trial consisted of six entries, including four glandular-haired varieties (‘5347’, ‘Ameriguard 301’, ‘Arrest’, and ‘DK121 HG’) and two standard varieties (‘5454’ and ‘Vernal’). Each variety was planted 12 May 1997, using standard production practices for Minnesota (Sulc et al. 2001). A 3-m fallow border separated the untreated block of varieties from the insecticide-treated block. Each complete block was replicated four times for a total of 48 plots, each 1.8m x 6m. Blocks were separated by a 3 m fallow border. Plots were sampled 16 July 1998, just before the second cutting. In addition to measuring the incidence of injury caused by A. frontella, we also measured the fresh and dry weights of each 20-stem sample. Samples were oven dried for 48 h before weighing. St. Martin, Glandular-haired Varieties. This trial was designed much like the Rosemount experiment including insecticidal control for E. fabae. The same varieties were used in the same-sized plots. However, the varieties were planted 13 May 1998, with A. frontella data recorded during the first establishment year. Plots were sampled on 19 August 1998, before any cutting

/pdf/evaluation-of-experimental-populations-and-glandular-haired-47nerq1eqh.pdf

Evaluation of experimental populations and glandular-haired varieties of alfalfa for alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) feeding injury

Sound economic assessments of damages caused by exotic invasive species provide a basis to determine whether management programs should be established, modified, or discontinued. Few analyses have attempted to carefully quantify those damages, especially for forest pests. Oak wilt is the most significant disease of oaks (Quercus spp) in the north central United States and is caused by a nonnative fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum.

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr-nrs-p-51papers/16haight-p-51.pdf

An economic impact assessment for oak wilt in Anoka County, Minnesota

Response of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to low temperatures: Implications for winter survival

Adequate diversity and abundance of native seed for large-scale grassland restorations often require commercially produced seed from distant sources However, as sourcing distance increases, the likelihood of inadvertent introduction of multiple novel, non-native weed species as seed contaminants also increases We created a model to determine an “optimal maximum distance” that would maximize availability of native prairie seed from commercial sources while minimizing the risk of novel invasive weeds via contamination The model focused on the central portion of the Level II temperate prairie ecoregion in the Midwest US The median optimal maximum distance from which to source seed was 272 km (169 miles) In addition, we weighted the model to address potential concerns from restoration practitioners: 1 sourcing seed via a facilitated migration strategy (ie, direct movement of species from areas south of a given restoration site to assist species’ range expansion) to account for warming due to climate change; and 2 emphasizing non-native, exotic species with a federal mandate to control Weighting the model for climate change increased the median optimal maximum distance to 398 km (247 miles), but this was not statistically different from the distance calculated without taking sourcing for climate adaptation into account Weighting the model for federally mandated exotic species increased the median optimal maximum distance only slightly to 293 km (182 miles), so practitioners may not need to adjust their sourcing strategy, compared to the original model This decision framework highlights some potential inadvertent consequences from species translocations and provides insight on how to balance needs for prairie seed against those risks

/pdf/balancing-the-need-for-seed-against-invasive-species-risks-30ly6q27n6.pdf

Balancing the need for seed against invasive species risks in prairie habitat restorations.

Summary of the International Pest Risk Mapping Workgroup meeting sponsored by the Cooperative Research Program on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Robert C. Venette

Papers

Evaluation of experimental populations and glandular-haired varieties of alfalfa for alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) feeding injury

An economic impact assessment for oak wilt in Anoka County, Minnesota

Response of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to low temperatures: Implications for winter survival

Balancing the need for seed against invasive species risks in prairie habitat restorations.

Summary of the International Pest Risk Mapping Workgroup meeting sponsored by the Cooperative Research Program on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems