Common understanding of the causes of land-use and land-cover change is dominated by simplifications which, in turn, underlie many environment-development policies. This article tracks some of the major myths on driving forces of land-cover change and proposes alternative pathways of change that are better supported by case study evidence. Cases reviewed support the conclusion that neither population nor poverty alone constitute the sole and major underlying causes of land-cover change worldwide. Rather, peoples’ responses to economic opportunities, as mediated by institutional factors, drive land-cover changes. Opportunities and

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The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths

This paper uses several events in New York in the late 1990s to launch two central arguments about the changing relationship between neoliberal urbanism and so–called globalization. First, much as the neoliberal state becomes a consummate agent of—rather than a regulator of—the market, the new revanchist urbanism that replaces liberal urban policy in cities of the advanced capitalist world increasingly expresses the impulses of capitalist production rather than social reproduction. As globalization bespeaks a rescaling of the global, the scale of the urban is recast. The true global cities may be the rapidly growing metropolitan economies of Asia, Latin America, and (to a lesser extent) Africa, as much as the command centers of Europe, North America and Japan. Second, the process of gentrification, which initially emerged as a sporadic, quaint, and local anomaly in the housing markets of some command–center cities, is now thoroughly generalized as an urban strategy that takes over from liberal urban policy. No longer isolated or restricted to Europe, North America, or Oceania, the impulse behind gentrification is now generalized; its incidence is global, and it is densely connected into the circuits of global capital and cultural circulation. What connects these two arguments is the shift from an urban scale defined according to the conditions of social reproduction to one in which the investment of productive capital holds definitive precedence.

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New Globalism, New Urbanism: Gentrification as Global Urban Strategy

The concept of territoriality has been studied surprisingly little by students of international politics. Yet, territoriality most distinctively defines modernity in international politics, and changes in few other factors can so powerfully transform the modern world polity. This article seeks to frame the study of the possible transformation of modern territoriality by examining how that system of relations was instituted in the first place. The historical analysis suggests that “unbundled” territoriality is a useful terrain for exploring the condition of postmodernity in international politics and suggests some ways in which that exploration might proceed. The emergence of multiperspectival institutional forms is identified as a key dimension of the condition of postmodernity in international politics.

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Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations

Even when political rule is territorial, territoriality does not necessarily entail the practices of total mutual exclusion which dominant understandings of the modern territorial state attribute to it. However, when the territoriality of the state is debated by international relations theorists the discussion is overwhelmingly in terms of the persistence or obsolescence of the territorial state as an unchanging entity rather than in terms of its significance and meaning in different historical‐geographical circumstances. Contemporary events call this approach into question. The end of the Cold War, the increased velocity and volatility of the world economy, and the emergence of political movements outside the framework of territorial states, suggest the need to consider the territoriality of states in historical context. Conventional thinking relies on three geographical assumptions ‐ states as fixed units of sovereign space, the domestic/foreign polarity, and states as ‘containers’ of societies...

The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory

Nothing inherent in the discipline steers planners either toward environmental protection or toward economic development—or toward a third goal of planning: social equity. Instead, planners work within the tension generated among these three fundamental aims, which, collectively, I call the “planner's triangle,” with sustainable development located at its center. This center cannot be reached directly, but only approximately and indirectly, through a sustained period of confronting and resolving the triangle's conflicts. To do so, planners have to redefine sustainability, since its current formulation romanticizes our sustainable past and is too vaguely holistic. Planners would benefit both from integrating social theory with environmental thinking and from combining their substantive skills with techniques for community conflict resolution, to confront economic and environmental injustice.

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Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities?: Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development

Introduction 1. The meaning of territoriality 2. Theory 3. Historical models: territoriality, space, and time 4. The church 5. The American territorial system 6. The work place 7. Conclusion: society, territory, and space Indices.

Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History

Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space

"This brilliant book, reflecting an original mind and years of preparatory research, is a major work of contemporary geographical scholarship. It is perhaps the most important theoretical work in human geography of the past thirty years. 'Homo Geographicus' provides a powerful intellectual broadside on behalf of reason as a faculty of mind that all humans share. This will be a controversial book that will stimulate much-needed debate about geographical agency, spatiality, and postmodernist claims. An exemplary book."--John Agnew, Syracuse University "Robert Sack is one of the most original theoreticians in geography today. In 'Homo Geographicus' he continues his project of identifying the geographical sources of social life, and takes an important step toward giving the geographic perspective an essential and central role in modern social theory."--J. Nicholas Entrikin, University of California at Los Angeles "Written in straightforward and unpretentious language, 'Homo Geographicus' refocuses thinking about the nature of the geographic and provides a framework for why and how the various domains of study within the discipline of geography are intimately linked." --Billie Lee Turner II, George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University In 'Homo Geographicus' Sack offers nothing less than a philosophy and theory of geography. He maps out how nature, culture, self, and such geographical factors as space, place, home, and world fit together, enabling us to see more clearly how we transform the world and how we are affected by that transformation. He also provides possible moral directions for us to pursue so that we can be more responsible for our actions and make better our places, our home, and the earth itself.

Homo geographicus : a framework for action, awareness, and moral concern

Imagine that you get such certain awesome experience and knowledge by only reading a book. How can? It seems to be greater when a book can be the best thing to discover. Books now will appear in printed and soft file collection. One of them is this book human territoriality its theory and history. It is so usual with the printed books. However, many people sometimes have no space to bring the book for them; this is why they can't read the book wherever they want.

Robert David Sack

Papers

Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History

Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space

Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History

Homo geographicus : a framework for action, awareness, and moral concern

Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History