Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Linkage analysis of 15 Utah kindreds demonstrated that a gene responsible for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF) is located near the centromere on chromosome 17. The families also gave no evidence for heterogeneity, indicating that a significant proportion of NF cases are due to mutations at a single locus. Further genetic analysis can now refine this localization and may lead to the eventual identification and cloning of the defective gene responsible for this disorder.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/236/4805/1100.full.pdf

Gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis is in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17

We have recently witnessed the e ftieth anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare. The non-use of nuclear weapons since then remains the single most important phenomenon of the nuclear age.Yet we still lack a full understanding of how this tradition arose and is maintained and of its prospects for the future. The widely cited explanation is deterrence, but this account is either wrong or incomplete.Although an element of sheer luck no doubt has played a part in this fortuitous outcome, this article argues that a normative element must be taken into account in explaining why nuclear weapons have not been used since 1945. A normative prohibition on nuclear use has developed in the global system, which, although not (yet) a fully robust norm, has stigmatized nuclear weapons as unacceptable weapons of mass destruction. Without this normative stigma, there might have been more ‘‘use.’’ 1 This article examines this phenomenon in the context of the nuclear experience of the United States. This investigation is motivated by several empirical anomalies in the conventional account—deterrence—of the non-use of nuclear weapons since 1945. First is the non-use of nuclear weapons in cases where there was no fear of nuclear retaliation, that is, wherethe adversary could not retaliate inkind.Thisanomaly includes the e rst ten years or so of the nuclear era, when the United States possessed e rst an absolute nuclearmonopoly andthenan overwhelmingnuclear advantageover theSovietUnion. It also includes non-use by the United States in Vietnam (where the United States dropped tonnage equivalent to dozens of Hiroshima bombs) and in the 1991 Persian

/pdf/the-nuclear-taboo-the-united-states-and-the-normative-basis-i8failb510.pdf

The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use

The history of American milita y policy in the early years of the nuclear age is beginning to be rewritten. The increasing availability of documentary evidence from the 2940s and 2950s enables us to enrich our knowledge and to re-evaluate our understanding of American nuclear strategy and planning during this period. While much relevant material remains classified, the large volume of recently declassified documents permits quite detailed reconstruction of the content and evolution of U.S. nuclear weapons policy during these formative years. Historian David Rosenberg is among the first to have exploited the newly accessible materials. He provides us here with a thorough account of U.S. nuclear war planning from 1945 to 1960. By focusing on operational issues rather than declaratory policy, he reveals the reality of nuclear policy that underlay the public rhetoric. The major trends and priorities of American nuclear weapons policy are uncovered, including the massive expansion of the U.S. n’uclear stockpile and the factors that caused it; the emphasis in U.S. nuclear war plans on preemption of Soviet nuclear capability; the serious consideration at high levels of the U.S. government of preventive nuclear war; the early advocacy of a “no cities” strategy by those concerned about the destruction that could be wrought by Soviet nuclear capabilities in the mid-2950s; the emergence as early as 1955 of the perception that the USSR had acquired sufficient nuclear forces to possess a limited but frightening retaliatory capability; and the operationalization of massive retaliation as a first-strike doctrine whose viability was called into question

The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945-1960

The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System

The Eisenhower Diaries

Gathered for the first time, Truman's private papers--diaries, letters, and memoranda--cover the period from his occupancy of the White House in 1945 to shortly before his death in 1972. Students and scholars will find valuable material on major events of the Truman years, from the Potsdam Conference to the Korean War.

The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman@@@The Eisenhower Diaries@@@Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman

Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953.@@@Harry S. Truman and the Modern American Presidency.

Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian Foreign Policy@@@Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Robert H. Ferrell

Papers

The Eisenhower Diaries

The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman@@@The Eisenhower Diaries@@@Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman

Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953.@@@Harry S. Truman and the Modern American Presidency.

Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilsonian Foreign Policy@@@Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman