Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.

The Evolution of Cooperation

The complexity of political, regulatory, and technological changes confronting most organizations has made radical organizational change and adaptation a central research issue. This article sets out a framework for understanding organizational changes from the perspective of neo-institutional theory. The principal theoretical issue addressed in the article is the interaction of organizational context and organizational action. The article examines the processes by which individual organizations retain, adopt, and discard templates for organizing, given the institutionalized nature of organizational fields.

Understanding Radical Organizational Change: Bringing Together the Old and the New Institutionalism

Since September 11th, we frequently hear that political differences should be put aside: the real struggle is between good and evil. What does this mean for political and social life? Is there a 'Third Way' beyond left and right, and if so, should we fear or welcome it? This thought-provoking book by Chantal Mouffe, a globally recognized political author, presents a timely account of the current state of democracy, affording readers the most relevant and up-to-date information. Arguing that liberal 'third way thinking' ignores fundamental, conflicting aspects of human nature, Mouffe states that, far from expanding democracy, globalization is undermining the combative and radical heart of democratic life. Going back first to Aristotle, she identifies the historical origins of the political and reflects on the Enlightenment, and the social contract, arguing that in spite of its good intentions, it levelled the radical core of political life. Contemporary examples, including the Iraq war, racism and the rise of the far right, are used to illustrate and support her theory that far from combating extremism, the quest for consensus politics undermines the ability to challenge it. These case studies are also highly effective points of reference for student revision. On the Political is a stimulating argument about the future of politics and addresses the most fundamental aspects of democracy that will aid further study.

On the political

A combined treatment of corporate finance and corporate governance is herein proposed. Debt and equity are treated not mainly as alternative financial instruments, but rather as alternative governance structures. Debt governance works mainly out of rules, while equity governance allows much greater discretion. A project-financing approach is adopted. I argue that whether a project should be financed by debt or by equity depends principally on the characteristics of the assets. Transaction-cost reasoning supports the use of debt (rules) to finance redeployable assets, while non-redeployable assets are financed by equity (discretion). Experiences with leasing and leveraged buyouts are used to illustrate the argument. The article also compares and contrasts the transaction-cost approach with the agency approach to the study of economic organization.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2328184.pdf

Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance

Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange

This article suggests an alternative way of thinking about the role of law at the time of divorce. It is concerned primarily with the impact of the legal system on negotiations and bargaining that occur outside the courtroom. We see the primary function of contemporary divorce law not as imposing order from above, but rather as providing a framework within which divorcing couples can themselves determine their postdissolution rights and responsibilities. This process by which parties to a marriage are empowered to create their own legally enforceable commitments is a form of \"private ordering.\"'

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Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce

Questions about how children fare in divided families have become as perplexing and urgent as they are common In this work on custody arrangements, the developmental psychologist Eleanor Maccoby and the legal scholar Robert Mnookin consider these questions and their ramifications for society This book examines the social and legal realities of how divorcing parents make arrangements for their children, "Dividing the Child" is based on a large, representative study of families from a wide range of socioeconomic levels Maccoby and Mnookin followed a group of more than 1000 families for three years after the parents file for divorce Their findings show how different divorce agreements are reached, from the uncontested dealings to formal judicial rulings, and how various custody arrangements fare as time passes and family circumstances change Numerous examples of joint custody and father custody are considered in this account, along with the mother-custody families more commonly studied; and in most cases the point of view of both parents is presented After the divorce, most children spent time in both parental households The authors identify three different patterns of co-parenting: cooperative, conflicted and disengaged They explain why post-divorce conflict rarely involves formal legal disputes, although parents have difficulty in establishing effective parental cooperation This book should be invaluable to the lawyers, judges, social workers and parents who, more and more often, must make wise and informed decisions concerning the welfare and care of children and divorce

Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody

https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3457&context=lcp

Child-Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy.

/pdf/sharing-among-the-human-capitalists-an-economic-inquiry-into-xhcu2qismp.pdf

Sharing Among the Human Capitalists: An Economic Inquiry into the Corporate Law Firm and How Partners Split Profits

PRETRIAL bargaining may be described as a game played in the shadow of the law. There are two possible outcomes: settlement out of court through bargaining, and trial, which represents a bargaining breakdown. The courts encourage private bargaining but stand ready to step from the shadows and resolve the dispute by coercion if the parties cannot agree. Bargaining is successful from an economic viewpoint if an efficient solution to the dispute is found at little cost. In technical language, a dispute is resolved successfully if a solution is found on the contract curve with little expenditure on search. The usual approach to bargaining in the legal setting assumes that trial is caused by excessive optimism on the part of plaintiff and defendant.' If both parties are optimistic, then there is no way to split the stakes so that each receives as much as he or she expects to gain from trial. In these circumstances, trial is inevitable.

/pdf/bargaining-in-the-shadow-of-the-law-a-testable-model-of-4xau0t6vp1.pdf

Robert H. Mnookin

Papers

Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce

Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody

Child-Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy.

Sharing Among the Human Capitalists: An Economic Inquiry into the Corporate Law Firm and How Partners Split Profits

Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: A Testable Model of Strategic Behavior