The aim of this updated guideline is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of future stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The guideline is addressed to all clinicians who manage secondary prevention for these patients. Evidence-based recommendations are provided for control of risk factors, intervention for vascular obstruction, antithrombotic therapy for cardioembolism, and antiplatelet therapy for noncardioembolic stroke. Recommendations are also provided for the prevention of recurrent stroke in a variety of specific circumstances, including aortic arch atherosclerosis, arterial dissection, patent foramen ovale, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypercoagulable states, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, sickle cell disease, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and pregnancy. Special sections address use of antithrombotic and anticoagulation therapy after an intracranial hemorrhage and implementation of guidelines.

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Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. Finally, a response set explanation for the sex differences in depression is proposed. According to this explanation, men are more likely to engage in distracting behaviors that dampen their mood when depressed, but women are more likely to amplify their moods by ruminating about their depressed states and the possible causes of these states. Regardless of the initial source of a depressive episode (i.e., biological or psychological) men's more active responses to their negative moods may be more adaptive on average than women's less active, more ruminative responses. The epidemiology of a disorder can provide important clues to its etiology. When a disorder only strikes persons from one geographical region, one social class, or one gender, we can ask what characteristics of the vulnerable group might be making its members vulnerable. A frequent finding in epidemiological studies of mental disorders is that women are more prone to unipolar affective disorders than are men (Boyd & Weissman, 1981; Weissman & Klerman, 1977). A number of different explanations have been proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to depression. Previous reviews of these explanations (e.g., Weissman & Klerman, 1977) have been quite brief and uncritical. In this article, the evidence for sex differences in unipolar depression first is summarized, then the most prominent explanations proposed for these sex differences are discussed in detail. These explanations include those attributing the differences to the response biases of subjects, as well as biological, psychoanalytic, sex role, and learned helplessness explanations. Although most of the proposed explanations for sex differences in depression have received some empirical support, not one of them has been definitively supported and not one as yet accounts for the magnitude of sex differences in depression. In the final section of this article it is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.

Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory.

In this innovative book, a well-known feminist and sociologist-who is also the founding editor of Gender & Society-challenges our most basic assumptions about gender. Judith Lorber argues that gender is wholly a product of socialization, subject to human agency, organization, and interpretation, and that it is a social institution comparable to the economy, the family, and religion in its significance and consequences. Calling into question the inevitability and necessity of gender, she envisions a society structured for equality, where no gender, racial ethnic, or social class group is allowed to monopolize positions of power.

Paradoxes of gender

Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness.

The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of ischemic stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Evidence-based recommendations are included for the control of risk factors, interventional approaches for atherosclerotic disease, antithrombotic treatments for cardioembolism, and the use of antiplatelet agents for noncardioembolic stroke. Further recommendations are provided for the prevention of recurrent stroke in a variety of other specific circumstances, including arterial dissections; patent foramen ovale; hyperhomocysteinemia; hypercoagulable states; sickle cell disease; cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; stroke among women, particularly with regard to pregnancy and the use of postmenopausal hormones; the use of anticoagulation after cerebral hemorrhage; and special approaches to the implementation of guidelines and their use in high-risk populations.

Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a joint statement.

Resume Le rapport recent de l'etude Women's Health Initiative a evalue les bienfaits et les risques a long terme de l'hormonotherapie substitutive chez les femmes post-menopausees en sante. Le rapport a demontre que le profl des risques-bien-faits de l'hormonotherapie substitutive combinee et continue n'etait pas conforme a la prevention primaire de la cardiopathie ischemique. L'etude Women's Health Initiative de l'hormono-therapie substitutive combinee et continue est une etude marquante et les resultats fournissent des renseignements pertinents aux patientes et aux cliniciens. Par contre, les symptomes de la menopause, et non la prevention de la maladie constituent l'indication la plus commune de l'hormonotherapie substitutive, pour lesquels elle est efficace; de plus, la duree d'emploi la plus commune est de moins de trois ans. Toutefois meme l'emploi a court terme entraine des effets au niveau de certaines issues. Cette declaration discute de l'application des resultats de l'etude Women's Health Initiative dans le but de prendre des decisions cliniques appropriees.

Énoncé de Principe de la SOGC au Sujet du Rapport Whi sur l’utilisation d’estrogènes et de Progestatifs par les femmes Post-Ménopausees

Ovulation induction with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Medicaments for detecting and treating malignant and non-malignant tissue abnormalities and lesions of the skin; conjunctiva; respiratory, digestive and vaginal mucosa; endometrium and urothelium; and for ablating the endometrial tissue and treating body fluids containing suspended abnormal cells, and for treating cancers of the nervous system are prepared from 5-aminolevulinic acid or precursor therof and subsequently administered to the patient in an amount sufficient to induce syntheses fluorescence and/or photosensitizing concentrations or protoporphyrin IX in the abnormal cells, followed by exposure of the abnormal cells to light of photoactivating wavelengths.

Robert L. Reid

Papers

Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a joint statement.

Énoncé de Principe de la SOGC au Sujet du Rapport Whi sur l’utilisation d’estrogènes et de Progestatifs par les femmes Post-Ménopausees

Ovulation induction with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Photochemotherapeutic method using precursors of protoporphyrin ix

The Future of Public Transit is …