Robert L. Richard

TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that electrons are energized in two distinct regions: a low-energy population (less than or equal to a few kiloelectronvolts) that arises in a diffusion region where particles are demagnetized and the magnetic topology changes, and a high-energy component (approaching 100 keV) that results from betatron acceleration within dipolarization fronts that sweep towards the inner magnetosphere far from the diffusion region.

TL;DR: In this paper, the trajectories of a large ensemble of particles are calculated in a modified Tsyganenko magnetic field model with a uniform cross-tail electric field, and the moments of the ion distribution function are constructed from the ion trajectories, including density, temperature, and pressure in the x-z and x-y planes.

TL;DR: In this article, a region of strongly nonadiabatic ion acceleration (known as the wall region) exists in the near earth tail and demarcates two very different regimes of ion motion: adiabatic and quasi-adabatic.

TL;DR: In this paper, the trajectories of thousands of non-interacting ions in the magnetic and electric fields from a three dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath, under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions were examined.

TL;DR: In this article, a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the major substorm that occurred on 1 March 2008, driven by wind solar wind observations, accurately reproduced the magnetospheric observations and revealed the complexity of magnetotail dynamics during the substorm, in particular in the near-Earth plasma sheet.