Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.

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The Structure and Function of Complex Networks

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Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods

Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma

Asthma is a serious health problem throughout the world During the past two decades, many scientific advances have improved our understanding of asthma and ability to manage and control it effectively However, recommendations for asthma care need to be adapted to local conditions, resources and services Since it was formed in 1993, the Global Initiative for Asthma, a network of individuals, organisations and public health officials, has played a leading role in disseminating information about the care of patients with asthma based on a process of continuous review of published scientific investigations A comprehensive workshop report entitled "A Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention", first published in 1995, has been widely adopted, translated and reproduced, and forms the basis for many national guidelines The 2006 report contains important new themes First, it asserts that "it is reasonable to expect that in most patients with asthma, control of the disease can and should be achieved and maintained," and recommends a change in approach to asthma management, with asthma control, rather than asthma severity, being the focus of treatment decisions The importance of the patient-care giver partnership and guided self-management, along with setting goals for treatment, are also emphasised

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Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary.

Definition: To what extent does the study allow us to draw conclusions about a causal effect between two or more constructs? Issues: Selection, maturation, history, mortality, testing, regression towrd the mean, selection by maturation, treatment by mortality, treatment by testing, measured treatment variables Increase: Eliminate the threats, above all do experimental manipulations, random assignment, and counterbalancing.

Reliability and validity

The anthropological study of medicinal botany has numerous objectives, one of which is to identify ethnomedically important species that warrant chemical analysis and testing for biological activity. This chapter suggests that intra- and intergroup similarities in the use of medicinal plants have arisen and persist because particular remedies produce reactions that are both predictable and considered to be desirable. It argues that ethnomedical systems contain an anticipated, and perhaps even predictable, level of variation in the use of available remedies. Anthropologists and other researchers have used a variety of approaches to identify potentially effective plant based remedies. However, most of these approaches necessitate investigations that range over broad geographic regions, through extensive periods of time, or across multiple cultures. Patterning in the use of medicinal plants, whether seen among Mexican Americans or other societies, reflects a fundamental human condition—adaptation to a complex web of socioenvironmeiital challenges including, of course, sickness and the maintenance of health.

Informant Consensus: A New Approach for Identifying Potentially Effective Medicinal Plants

Increased emphasis on community collaboration indicates the need for consensus regarding the definition of community within public health.This study examined whether members of diverse US communities described community in similar ways. To identify strategies to support community collaboration in HIV vaccine trials, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 African Americans in Durham, NC; 26 gay men in San Francisco, Calif; 25 injection drug users in Philadelphia, Pa; and 42 HIV vaccine researchers across the United States.Verbatim responses to the question “What does the word community mean to you?” were analyzed. Cluster analysis was used to identify similarities in the way community was described. A common definition of community emerged as a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings.The participants differed in the emphasis they placed on particular elements of the definition. Community was defined similarly but experienced differently by people with diverse backgrounds.These results parallel similar social science findings and confirm the viability of a common definition for participatory public health.

What Is Community? An Evidence-Based Definition for Participatory Public Health

Qualitative research sample design and sample size: Resolving and unresolved issues and inferential imperatives

Rapid assessment projects are expanding in the arenas of public health policy, planning, and program development in both developing and developed nations. This article reviews the methodological advances that have changed rapid assessment from a primarily “quick and dirty” approach for data collection into a public health tool for time-sensitive development of changes in intervention strategies, community-based organizational structure, program evaluation, and policy decisions. The methodological design of the Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation Project, adopted by the Office of HIV/AIDS Policy (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) in 1999, is presented as a model for using revised rapid assessment approaches within the context of public health policy development.

A Methodological Model for Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation: The RARE Program in Public Health:

OBJECTIVE: To describe Latino beliefs about diabetes and assess heterogeneity in beliefs across different groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study comprised a survey of 161 representative Latino adults from four diverse communities: Hartford, Connecticut; Edinburg, Texas; Guadalajara, Mexico; and rural Guatemala. A 130-item questionnaire covered causes symptoms, and treatments for diabetes. Information on demographics and acquaintanceship with someone with diabetes was also collected. The cultural consensus model was used to analyze the variation in responses to determine whether the degree of consistency within and between samples was sufficient to warrant aggregation and description as a single set of beliefs. RESULTS: Homogeneous beliefs were present within each of the four samples. Although variability in responses increased significantly from Connecticut to Guatemala (P

Robert T. Trotter

Papers

Informant Consensus: A New Approach for Identifying Potentially Effective Medicinal Plants

What Is Community? An Evidence-Based Definition for Participatory Public Health

Qualitative research sample design and sample size: Resolving and unresolved issues and inferential imperatives

A Methodological Model for Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation: The RARE Program in Public Health:

Latino beliefs about diabetes.