世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

We investigate whether income inequality affects subsequent growth in a cross-country sample for 1965-90, using the models of Barro (1997), Bleaney and Nishiyama (2002) and Sachs and Warner (1997), with negative results. We then investigate the evolution of income inequality over the same period and its correlation with growth. The dominating feature is inequality convergence across countries. This convergence has been significantly faster amongst developed countries. Growth does not appear to influence the evolution of inequality over time. Outline

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81822/1/02-28.pdf

Economic growth and income inequality

Economics Of Discrimination

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/21855/1/dp2004-16.pdf

Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?

This paper describes the correlations between inequality and the growth rates in cross-country data. Using non-parametric methods, we show that the growth rate is an inverted U-shaped function of net changes in inequality: Changes in inequality (in any direction) are associated with reduced growth in the next period. The estimated relationship is robust to variations in control variables and estimation methods. This inverted U-curve is consistent with a simple political economy model, although, as we point out, efforts to interpret this model causally run into difficult identification problems. We show that this non-linearity is sufficient to explain why previous estimates of the relationship between the level of inequality and growth are so different from one another.

Inequality and Growth: What Can the Data Say?

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15140326.2007.12040490

The Shadow Economy in Portugal: An Analysis with the Mimic Approach

The shadow economy of Italy and other OECD countries: what do we know?

The aims of this paper are, firstly, to estimate the Italian shadow economy by means of a structural equation approach and, secondly, to verify the generality of the main criticisms about the reliability of the "MIMIC method" (or model approach) for this kind of analysis. Using the Italian shadow economy, I will show how only some of these are confirmed, others exist as a consequence of the model implementation and sample and some more will exposed to question this methodology. Particular attention is paid to detect the assumptions that should be respected to use appropriately this technique (test of multinormality, independence between measurement and structural errors, unit root detection, etc.). According to the obtained results, is confirmed a sufficient reliability of this approach for the estimate of the size of underground economy.

https://www.econ.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_oekonomi/Working_Papers/Economics/2003/wp03_07.pdf

Estimating the Shadow Economy in Italy: a Structural Equation Approach

This paper offers estimations of the evolution of the shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries, namely France, Spain and Greece. A multiple indicators and multiple causes model based on the latent variable structural theory has been applied. As established by Giles (Working paper on monitoring the health of the tax system, 1995), filtered data to solve the non-stationary problems are used. The model includes the tax burden (both as a whole and disaggregated into direct taxes, indirect taxes and social security contributions), a proxy of regulation burden, theu nemployment rate and self-employment as causes of the shadow economy and the GDP growth rate, the labour force participation ratio and the currency ratio as indicators of the underground economy. The results confirm that unemployment, the fiscal burden and self-employment are the main causes of the shadow economy in these countries, and confirm that an inverse relationship exists between the official GDP growth rate and that of the unofficial economy.

/pdf/the-shadow-economy-in-three-mediterranean-countries-france-kduqgdevnc.pdf

The shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC approach

This article aims to estimate the size of the US shadow economy (SE) using a structural equation approach and to evaluate if a structural relationship exists between the SE and the unemployment rate (UR) in the United States. The size of the SE is estimated to be decreasing over the last two decades. We corroborate the existence of a structural relationship between the SE and the UR by using a simple theoretical model. Furthermore, we extend the Okun's law to estimate the structural relationship between growth rate of official GDP, SE and UR. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between the SE and the UR.

/pdf/shadow-economy-and-unemployment-rate-in-u-s-a-is-there-a-4nytpez2zm.pdf

Roberto Dell'Anno

Papers

The Shadow Economy in Portugal: An Analysis with the Mimic Approach

The shadow economy of Italy and other OECD countries: what do we know?

Estimating the Shadow Economy in Italy: a Structural Equation Approach

The shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC approach

Shadow Economy And Unemployment Rate In U.S.A. Is There A Structural Relationship? An Empirical Analysis.