So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

This study determined the accumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) in tissues of wild boar. The tested animals were divided into three age groups, which allowed analysis of the statistical/mathematical relationship between their age and contamination of their tissues. For determination of heavy metal content, samples were taken from the longissimus muscle of the back and from the tail lobe of the liver. It has been stated that, in wild boar, accumulation of lead and cadmium in muscle and liver increases with age. However, statistical differences were found most frequently between the youngest and oldest animal groups only. Moreover, in no single case, was the maximum permissible level exceeded in muscle for lead, cadmium or mercury, and arsenic was not detected above 0.001 mg/kg. In the >3 year group, the maximum permissible level of cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) was exceeded in two liver samples.

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Chemical composition of wild boar meat and relationship between age and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver tissue

Comparative study of mineral composition of beef steak and pork chops depending on the thermal preparation method

3 Abstract: The research consist of chemical analysis of the goat meat to investigate the relationship between goat meat in different age groups, group A ( 11 m). Chemical characteristics of goat meat in respect of moisture, protein, fat and ash contents were determined of goat meat processed by butchers under local marketing conditions were investigated during 2008-9. Moisture content of goat meat group A was higher (78.30±0.48%) followed by group B (75.70±0.50%) and group C (73.8±0.061%). Protein, fat, ash content in meat of group A was lowered (15.31±0.68, 1.77±0.24 and 1.20±0.06%, respectively) and increase with advance slaughter age (Group B; 18.43±0.80, 2.71±0.18 and 1.31±0.08% and Group C; 20.30±0.91, 3.07±0.17 and 1.63±0.07. The results conclude the meat of goa t slaughtered in advanced age may have an extensive advantage to reduce qualitative and quantitative losses of end products and variation in meat of different age groups animal were found.

Effect of Slaughtering Age on Chemical Composition of Goat Meat

In the last few decades there has been increased consumer interest in the fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminant meat due to its content of saturated FAs, which have been implicated in diseases associated with modern life. However, recent studies have questioned the recommendations to reduce intake of fat, saturated FAs and cholesterol as a means of reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Interestingly, ruminant meat has some bioactive lipids such as C18:1t11 and C18:2 c9, t11 which have been reported to have positive effects on human health. In order to improve muscle fat composition from a human health standpoint, oilseeds, plant oils and marine oils can be used in ruminant diets. On the other hand, molecular mechanisms play an important role in the alteration of the FA composition of muscle fat. Genetics offer a wide range of possibilities for improvement of muscle fat composition by identifying different loci underlying the expression of quantitative traits. While significant progress has been made in characterizing the influence of diet on the FA composition of ruminant meat, the use of genetic tools can favor genotypes that could maximize their genetic potential through the diet. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impacts of fat from ruminants' meat on cardiovascular health and possible strategies to alter its lipid composition.

The research aimed at analysing the slaughter value and physicochemical attributes of goat kids slaughtered at 90 and 180 days of age. After weaning at 60 days of age, a balanced mixture containing 18.2 % of protein and 5.63 MJ of net energy was applied as a feed. Some traits of live and slaughtered animal weight attributes were analysed. Moreover, tissue composition of the half carcass and meat physicochemical properties of meat were determined. The carcass of older male kid goats was by 5.08 kg (P≤0.05) heavier and the weight of primal cuts (P≤0.05) including high-priced cuts was by 0.87 kg higher than the young kids. Half carcass tissue composition of older and younger kids was similar: 60.1360.50 % of meat, 25.48-25.37 % of bones, and 14.39-14.13 % of fat. Significant differences (P ≤0.05) in fat and bone contents were only found in the leg. Furthermore, physiochemical properties indicated that the meat of older animals was darker and had higher values of chemical parameters.

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Some carcass traits and physicochemical composition of White Improved breed goat kids slaughtered at 90 and 180 days of age (Short Communication)

Comparison of the chemical composition and fatty acids of the intramuscular fat of goat kid and ram lambs meat

The aim of the study was to estimate the content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Ca in meat and liver of male kids and ram lambs fed mixtures containing 10% of flax seeds. Castrated male kids (n = 7) of White Upgraded breed and castrated ram lambs (n = 7) of Polish Lowland sheep fattened up to about 35 kg of body weight were used as experimental material. The animals were fed mixture CJ ad libitum, supplemented with 10% of flax seeds and meadow hay as a structural supplement. Contents of the chemical elements were analysed in samples of longissimus dorsi muscle. The content of Cd (0.01 mg kg–1) in male kid meat was lower than in ram lamb meat (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, Pb content was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in male kids (0.04±0.003 mg kg –1 ) than in ram lambs (0.07±0.002 mg kg –1 ). Slightly lower content of Pb (by 0.01 mg kg –1 ) and Cd (by 0.01 mg kg –1 ) in male kid liver was determined, and the differences were statistically insignificant. Significantly larger (p ≤ 0.01) Cu content (1.14±0.07 mg kg–1) in muscular tissue of ram lambs was also stated. Male kid meat, however, was richer in Mn, Fe, Zn and Ca, with the differences tested at p ≤ 0.05 and p≤ 0.01. The liver was an organ which accumulated not only Pb and Cd but also Cu, Mn and Zn both in ram lambs and male kids. Especially high level of Cu and Mn in liver was found, which could be the result of a high content of the chemical elements in mixtures. Moreover, significantly larger content of Ca (15.24±1.68 mg kg–1) in ram lamb liver compared to male kid liver was stated. On the other hand, muscular tissue of male kids contained more Ca (21.94±1.74 mg kg –1 ) than that of ram lambs.

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Content of chemical elements in muscular tissue and liver of male kids and ram lambs in Central-Eastern Poland.

Comparison of slaughter value and some quality traits of ram lambs and goat kids

The aim of this study was to follow and evaluate the sanitary and veterinary inspection results of slaughtered sheep in Poland in the period 2017-2019. More than 175,000 sheep were slaughtered in Poland during this period. Post-mortem veterinary inspection revealed symptoms and/or lesions in 19,799 animals, which constituted 11.30% of all examined sheep. Of these, 134 animals (0.08%) were considered unfit for consumption. The most numerous cases were with foci of pus, contamination and congestion (5.07%) and fasciolosis (4.72%). The highest number of foci of pus, contamination and congestion in sheep carcasses were found in the Małopolskie and Podlaskie voivodeships. Most of the cases deemed unfit for consumption were found in the Podkarpackie (30), Świętokrzyskie (29) and Podlaskie (23) voivodeships, accounting for over 61% of all disqualified sheep carcasses in 2017-2019 in Poland.

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Roman Niedziółka

Papers

Some carcass traits and physicochemical composition of White Improved breed goat kids slaughtered at 90 and 180 days of age (Short Communication)

Comparison of the chemical composition and fatty acids of the intramuscular fat of goat kid and ram lambs meat

Content of chemical elements in muscular tissue and liver of male kids and ram lambs in Central-Eastern Poland.

Comparison of slaughter value and some quality traits of ram lambs and goat kids

Evaluation of sanitary and veterinary inspection results of slaughtered sheep in Poland in 2017-2019