Parmi les 56 auxiliaires inventories dans le complexe biologique du psylle du poirier en France, 16 sont relativement abondants; ce sont 2 parasites, Prionomitus mitratus (Dalman) et Trechnites psyllae (Ruschka) (Encyrtidae), et 14 predateurs, Anthrocoris nemoralis (F.), A. nemorum (L.), Orius horvathi (Reuter), O. vicinus (Ribaut) (Het.: Anthocoridae); Heterotoma meriopterum (Scopoli), Campyloneura virgula (Herrich-Schaffer), Orthotylus nassatus (F.) (Het.: Miridae); Stehorus punctillum (Weise), Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goezet), S. subvillosus (Goeze), Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col.: Coccinellidae); Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neur.: Chrysopidae); Coniopteryx borealis Tjeder (Neur.: Coniopterygidae) et l'acarien Allothrombium fuliginosum Hermann. Toutes ces especes sont polyphages; seules les 3 premieres citees sont etroitement liees au psylle du poirier. L'environnement immediat des vergers, contenant aubepines et orties, s'est revele etre un reservoir des principaux ennemis du psylle du poirier. D'autres proies, hotes et plante-hotes de ces auxiliaires sont signales d'apres la litterature

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Annotated list of the entomophagous complex associated with pear psylla, Psylla pyri (L.) (Hom.: Psyllidae) in France

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest. The low tolerance for damaged fruit requires preventive insecticide treatments for a marketable crop. The phase-out of old insecticides threatens cherry production throughout the European Union (EU). Consequently, new management techniques and tools are needed. With the increasing number of dwarf tree orchards covered against rain to avoid fruit splitting, crop netting has become a viable, cost-effective method of cherry fruit fly control. Recently, a biocontrol method using the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been developed for organic agriculture. However, for most situations, there is still a lack of efficient and environmentally sound insecticides to control this pest. This review summarizes the literature from over one hundred years of research on R. cerasi with focus on the biology and history of cherry fruit fly control as well as on antagonists and potential biocontrol organisms. We will present the situation of cherry fruit fly regulation in different European countries, give recommendations for cherry fruit fly control, show gaps in knowledge and identify future research opportunities.

https://orgprints.org/21686/1/2012_Rhagoletis_Insects.pdf

Integrated Management of European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi (L.): Situation in Switzerland and Europe

A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from Spanish citrus orchards has been performed, and the strains were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a key citrus pest in Spain. From a total of 150 environmental samples, 376 isolates were selected, recording a total B. thuringiensis index of 0.52. The collection was characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and PCR analysis with primer pairs detecting toxin genes cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry12, cry14, cry17, cry19, cry21, cry27, cry39, cry44, cyt1, and cyt2. Diverse crystal inclusion morphologies were identified: bipyramidal (45%), round (40%), adhered to the spore (7%), small (5%), and irregular (3%). SDSPAGE of spore-crystal preparations revealed 39 different electrophoresis patterns. All primer pairs used in PCR tests gave positive amplifications in strains of our collection, except for primers for detection of cry3, cry19, cry39, or cry44 genes. Strains containing cry1, cry2, cry4, and cry27 genes were the most abundant (48.7%, 46%, 11.2%, and 8.2% of the strains, respectively). Ten different genetic profiles were found, although a total of 109 strains did not amplify with the set of primers used. Screening for toxicity against C. capitata adults was performed using both spore-crystal and soluble fractions. Mortality levels were less than 30%. We have developed a large and diverse B. thuringiensis strain collection with huge potential to control several agricultural pests; however, further research is needed to find out Bt strains active against C. capitata.

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO200932056735412.pdf

Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from citrus orchards in spain and evaluation of their insecticidal activity against Ceratitis capitata.

Sporulated cultures of an isolate of the entomopathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus (Laubach) from soil in Sardinia (Italy) were highly toxic by ingestion to both adults and juveniles of the housefly, Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) Toxicity was associated with spores as the culture supernatant was not toxic and no parasporal inclusions were observed The level of toxicity varied with the concentration of spores, the time of exposure to the treated diet, and the stage of insect development Comparative LC 50 values were 072 × 10 8 and 175 × 10 8 spores per gram of diet for 1st and 2nd instar larvae, respectively, and 384 × 10 8 spores per gram for adults A significant increase in larval development time and reductions in pupal weight and emergence rate were observed when larvae were fed on diets containing sublethal concentrations of spores Adults surviving after feeding on a sublethal diet showed a significant reduction in fecundity and longevity Similarly, adults from treated larvae exhibited a lower fecundity, although their longevity was not influenced A relationship between pupal weight and adult fecundity was found Pupal stage duration and egg eclosion were not significantly affected

Lethal and sublethal effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus on the housefly (Musca domestica)

An annotated host catalogue is given for the Tachinidae of Italy. It comprises 180 tachinid species reared from 310 arthropod hosts belonging to seven insect orders and one chilopod order. The paper includes data from literature as well as hitherto unpublished records. K e y w o r d s : Tachinidae, parasitoids, host catalogue, Italy. Zusammenfassung Fur die italienischen Tachinidae wird ein kritischer Wirtekatalog gegeben. Er umfasst 180 Tachiniden-Arten und 310 Arthropoden-Wirtsarten aus sieben Insektenordnungen und einer Ordnung der Hundertfuser. Die Arbeit enthalt sowohl Daten aus der Literatur als auch bisher unveroffentlichte Wirtsangaben.

Annotated host catalogue for the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Italy

The olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the key pest on olives in the Mediterranean area. The pest can destroy, in some cases, up to 70% of the olive production. Its control relies mainly on chemical treatments, sometimes applied by aircraft over vast areas, with their subsequent ecological and toxicological side effects. Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore-forming soil bacterium which produces a protein crystal toxic to some insects, including the orders of Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera and other invertebrates. The aim of this study was to search for isolates toxic to B. oleae. Several hundred B. thuringiensis isolates were obtained from olive groves and olive presses in different areas of Greece, Sardinia (Italy), and Spain and from cooperating scientists throughout the world. Some isolates were found toxic only to adults or larvae and some to both stages of the olive fly. In addition, the most toxic isolates were assayed on Opius concolor Szepl. (Hym. Braconidae), the most important parasitoid of the olive fruit fly. Only 3 isolates out of 14 gave significant mortality against this parasitoid. Several of the most toxic crystalliferous isolates may contain novel toxins since they gave no PCR products when probed with primers specified for 39 known toxin genes.

Insecticidal activity of isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidae)

Insecticidal activity of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidae).

The present work, dealing with the egg stage of Lymantria dispar L.,
forms part of a 9-year (1972-1980) research program on the population
dynamics of the insect in a N. E. Sardinian cork-growing region.
Egg-cluster counts (per hectare of forest surface) showed that total
defoliation is to be expected every 7-9 years, that population density increase
is not necessarily concomitant, and that different population densities may
occur even in adjacent biotopes. The average egg count per cluster was low
.(329 to 353) in peak population years and in the first year of retrogradation
(288 to 339), but appreciably higher in years of latency and progradation
(674 to 726). Egg sterility showed lower (from 1.7% to 6.0%) in latency
years than in years of progradation, peak and retrogradation (from 7.6% to
18.4 %). The height above ground of ovideposition on the cork-oak trunks
also varied. In latency years, more than 75% of the c1usters were laid below
2 metres: in progradation years, from 40% to 60% at above 2 m. In peak
years, more than 75% were laid above 6 m, and in retrogradation years 40%
to 60% between 2 m and 6 m. Information gathered on parasites ( Ooencyrtus
kuwanai (How.) and Anastatus disparis Ruschka) and predators ( Dermestes
lardarius L. and Haplocnemus jejunus Kinsenw.), which, at most, reached
27.9% in 1978 - a latency year for L. dispar -, would suggest that these
are not of prime significance in controlling the defoliating populations.
Statistic correlations are shown between egg-cluster dimensions and
egg count per cluster, in particular the linear regression between the length
of the egg-cluster major axis and total eggs in the cluster (y = – 11.86 +
11.26 x), in order to enable estimates of population levels to be made more
rapidly. If correctly used on a large scale, the indicators analysed taken
as a whole should enable sufficiently reliable forecasts to be made of L.
dispar population levels and gradation phases, forming the basis of commen·
surate programming for the protection of Quercus suber forests from
defoliation.

La Dinamica di popolazione di Lymantria dispar L. in Sardegna:1.: indicatori della gradazione ricavati dalle ovideposizioni

Data are given on the biology, mortality factors and population dynamics of Lymantria dispar L., Malacosoma
neustria L., Tortrix viridana L. and Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. the most harmful lepidopters to Quercus
suber L. A revision of chemical, microbiological, biological, biotechnical and genetic control methods
applied in the relevant diffusion areas is also reported.

I Defogliatori delle foreste a Quercus suber L.

Gypsy moth larvae and pupae were collected in 4 cork oak forest areas in the summer of 1931.
Collection was made only in stations where more than 1000 egg clusters per 40 trees had been
Registered. In one area (Tempio), the gypsy moth population was in the 2nd year of progradation;
in another (Abbasanta), in the 1st year of culmination; and in two others (Ploaghe and Villanova),
the 2nd year of culmination. Pathogenic agents, particularly polyhedral nuclear viruses, caused 60%
to 70% mortality among the larvae of the three culmination phase populations but only 40% in
the case of that in progradation. The tachinids Exorista larvarum L. and Blepharipa pratensis Meigen
were responsable for a 30% parasitism, decreasing to 2% as pathogenic mortality increased. Among
pupae, pathogenic mortality did not reach 10% in any of the areas, whereas parasitism rates
reached nearly 90%. Mortality due to parasitism was between 73% and 88% among the two 2nd
year culmination populations, and about 50% among the remaining two. B. pratensis and Brachymeria
intermedia (Nees) were the most frequently recovered, confirming their importance in reducing
gypsy moth populations. The tachinids ( Exorista larvarum L. and E. segregata Rond.) and ichneumonids
( Theronia atalantae Poda and Pimpla Instigator F.), although more rarely observed, proved
a useful indicator of gypsy moth gradatlon phases. As hosts, B. pratensis appeared to prefer female
pupae, and B. intermedia males. The cases of multiparasitism and superparasitism observed are
discussed.

Romolo Prota

Papers

Insecticidal activity of isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidae)

Insecticidal activity of strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on larvae and adults of Bactrocera oleae Gmelin (Dipt. Tephritidae).

La Dinamica di popolazione di Lymantria dispar L. in Sardegna:1.: indicatori della gradazione ricavati dalle ovideposizioni

I Defogliatori delle foreste a Quercus suber L.

Indagini sul parassitismo in aree forestaliad alta densitaà di Lymantria dispar L.