Four significant areas of thought, (1) the holistic approach, (2) the linkage between streams and their terrestrial setting, (3) material cycling in open systems, and (4) biotic interactions and in...

Developments in Stream Ecosystem Theory

where the import of organic matter from outside the system is the predominant feature. Little has been done to test the hypotheses derived from these systems against information obtained from other lotic systems in different vegetational regimes (biomes) or arising along a single river system from its source to the sea. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative contribution from allochthonous and autochthonous sources of

Autotrophy in Stream Ecosystems

6 – Periphyton Responses to Temperature at Different Ecological Levels

The objectives of this paper were to introduce frameworks for predicting the determinants and consequences of the great heterogeneity in benthic algal assemblages. A hierarchical framework of environmental factors affecting benthic algal spatial heterogeneity is presented with the ultimate determinants (climate, geology, land use, and biogeography) that are important constraints on benthic algal assemblage structure at large spatial scales. These ultimate determinants constrain expression of intermediate and proximate determinants of benthic algal function and structure. A similar framework for temporal heterogeneity distinguishes how assemblages respond to short-term and long-term environmental changes, referred to as disturbances and stresses, respectively. Assemblages recover from punctuated (short-term) environmental change (disturbance) by immigration and reproduction of both persistent and recolonizing species. Assemblages adapt to permanent (longterm) environmental change (stress) by changing speci...

Scale-dependent determinants and consequences of benthic algal heterogeneity

Introduction ..... 287 Terminology 288 Methods for Studying Periphyton Growing on Natural Substrata 290 Qualitative Methods 290 Quantitative Numerical Methods . 295 Methods for Epiphyton 297 Methods for Epizoon 299 Methods for Periphyton in Non-living Materials 302 Quantitative Mass Methods 303 Determination of Abundance by Counting 308 Determination of Abundance by Estimating 309 Methods for Periphyton Growing on Artificial Substrata 310 Various Types of Artificial Substrata and Their Characteristics 310 Various Exposure Techniques 312 Techniques Used in Lotic Environments 312 Techniques Used in Lentic Environments 314 Techniques Used in the Hydrobacteriology 315 Some Techniques Used in Marine Biology 316 Techniques Used in Special Cases 317 Position of Exposed Artificial Substrata 319 Duration of Exposure ......... 320 Sample Collection and Transportation 321 Laboratory Analyses of Periphyton Samples 322 Qualitative Methods 322 Quantitative Numerical Methods 323 Quantitative Mass Methods 325 Determination of Abundance by Counting 326 Determination of Abundance by Estimating 326 Summary 327 Postscript 328 B ibiography 329

Limnological investigation methods for the periphyton (“Aufwuchs”) Community

An investigation was made of the periphyton complex in a riffle area on the Uest Gallatin River, Montana, from August 1952 through February 1954. The riffle gradient in 1954 was 1.76 feet per 100 lineal feet and average riffle depth during the study period was 12 inches. One square centimeter samples were collected from formalin-treated stones placed in the riffle. Some random stones were sampled as controls and to supplement treated stones washed from the area. . From August 1952 to March 1953 one periphyton sample was collected from each station while two samples were collected from each station from March 1953 through February 1954. Statistical analysis was made to determine the number of \"count units\" needed to give satisfactory precision in making estimates of organisms per ml sub-sample. Gross seasonal changes of the periphyton complex are described. Three divisions of algae representing 34 species and live phyla of animals representing 35 species were found in periphyton. Chrysophyta was the most abundant algae and Diptera was the most frequently represented animal. A sharp increase in number of organisms occurred in August-September and peaked in November. A decline occurred in Dec-ember-January and a minor peak appeared in March. Another decline occurred in May. Organisms were found at a minimum in July. Diatoms were superseded in number by a green algae in February 1953 and in July 1953 by a blue-green algae. Two peaks occurred in Tendepedidae larvae in 1952 and one in 1953. One peak in Simulium larvae was found in January 1954. The abundance of organisms in relation to temperature, ice formation, discharge, turbidity and velocity are considered. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PERIPHYTON IN A RIFFLE OF THE VEST GALLATIN RIVER, MONTANA by . RONALD B. ODMTCW V A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty I* p a r tia l fu lfillm ent of the requirements fo r a degree of •' . 1L Master of Science in Fish and VBLldlife Management at Montana State College

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Ronald B Gumtow

Papers

An investigation of the periphyton in a riffle of the West Gallatin River, Montana