The Prefrontal Cortex, Fifth Edition, provides users with a thoroughly updated version of this comprehensive work that has historically served as the classic reference on this part of the brain. The book offers a unifying, interdisciplinary perspective that is lacking in other volumes written about the frontal lobes, and is, once again, written by the award-winning author who discovered "memory cells," the physiological substrate of working memory. The fifth edition constitutes a comprehensive update, including all the major advances made on the physiology and cognitive neuroscience of the region since publication in 2008. All chapters have been fully revised, and the overview of prefrontal functions now interprets experimental data within the theoretical framework of the new paradigm of cortical structure and dynamics (the Cognit Paradigm), addressing the accompanying social, economic, and cultural implications. * Provides a distinctly interdisciplinary view of the prefrontal cortex, covering all major methodologies, from comparative anatomy to modern imaging* Unique analysis and synthesis of a large body of basic and clinical data on the subject (more than 2000 references)* Written by an award-winning author who discovered "memory cells," the physiological substrate of working memory* Synthesizes evidence that the prefrontal cortex constitutes a complex pre-adaptive system* Incorporates emerging study of the role of the frontal lobes in social, economic, and cultural adaptation

The prefrontal cortex

• To evaluate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) physiology and function simultaneously, 20 medication-free patients with chronic schizophrenia and 25 normal controls underwent three separate xenon Xe 133 inhalation procedures for determination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): first at rest, then while performing an automated version of the Wisconsin Card Sort (WCS), a DLPFC-specific cognitive test, and while peforming a simple number-matching (NM) test. During rest, patients had significantly reduced relative, but not absolute, rCBF to DLPFC. During NM, no specific region differentiated patients from controls. During WCS, however, both absolute and relative rCBF to DLPFC significantly distinguished patients from controls. While controls showed a clear increase in DLPFC rCBF, patients did not. The changes were regionally specific, involving only DLPFC. Furthermore, in patients, DLPFC rCBF correlated positively with WCS cognitive performance, suggesting that the better DLPFC was able to function, the better patients could perform. Autonomic arousal measures, the pattern of WCS errors, and results of complementary studies suggest that the DLPFC finding is linked to regionally specific cognitive function and is not a nonspecific epiphenomenon.

Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence.

The purpose of this review is to extend the existing application of the frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging beyond the limited work on inhibitory control (F. N. Dempster, 1992) to include memory processes supported by the prefrontal cortex. To establish a background for this analysis, I review existing models of prefrontal cortex function and present a synthesized model that includes a general function of temporal integration, supported by 4 specific processes: prospective memory, retrospective memory, interference control, and inhibition of prepotent responses. I found the frontal lobe hypothesis to perform well, with the exception of an inability to account for age-related declines in item recall and recognition memory, possibly a result of age-related declines in medial temporal function.

An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging.

The sections in this article are:


1
Essence of Prefrontal Function: Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge
11
Subdivisions of Prefrontal Cortex

12
Global Nature of Prefrontal Syndrome in Humans

13
Animal Model for Prefrontal Function in Humans

14
Delayed-Response Tests and Varying Interpretations of Their Functional Significance

15
Distractability and Perseveration: Secondary Consequences of Basic Defect in Representational Memory

16
Representational Memory in Wisconsin Card Sort and Other Diagnostic Tests of Prefrontal Function in Humans

17
Localization of Delayed-Response Function: Principal Sulcus

18
Circuit Basis of Visuospatial Functions




2
Accessing and “On-Line” Processing of Representations in Visuospatial Domain: Parietal-Prefrontal Connections
21
Visuospatial Representational Memory in Humans

22
Spatial-Mnemonic Nature of Delayed-Response Deficit: Domain-Specific Memory Loss

23
Topography of Representational Memory in Prefrontal Cortex

24
Electrophysiological Evidence of Spatial-Mnemonic Processes in Principal Sulcus

25
Parietal-Prefrontal Connectivity

26
Columnar and Laminar Framework for Feedforward and Feedback Mechanisms

27
Functional Significance of Parietal-Prefrontal Collaboration




3
Long-Term Memory and “Off-Line” Processing: Prefrontal-Limbic Connections
31
Role of Hippocampus in Spatial Memory

32
Multiple Connections Between Principal Sulcus and Hippocampal Formation

33
Quadripartite Neural Network: Parietal-Temporal-Cingulate-Prefrontal Circuit

34
Limbic Contribution to Spatial Memory




4
Response Initiation and Inhibition: Projections to Striatum, Tectum, Thalamus, and Premotor Cortex
41
Motor-Control Functions of Prefrontal Cortex

42
Cortical-Striatal Pathway and Related Feedback Loops

43
Cortical-Tectal Pathway

44
Thalamic-Cortical Systems

45
Prefrontal-Premotor Connections: Anterior Supplementary Motor Cortex Relays

46
Functional Speculations




5
Modulatory Mechanisms: Brain Stem Catecholamine Projections
51
Activation of Cognitive Machinery

52
Concentration and Synthesis of Catecholamines in Primate Cortex

53
Brain Stem Innervation of Prefrontal Cortex

54
Delayed-Response Deficits and Recovery Produced by Catecholamine Loss and Replacement in Prefrontal Cortex

55
Circuit Basis for Neuromodulation in Principal Sulcus




6
Multiple Subsystems of Prefrontal Cortex: Unity or Diversity of Function
61
Unity or Diversity of Prefrontal Function

62
Frontal Eye Fields

63
Inferior Convexity

64
Orbital Prefrontal Cortices

65
Problem of Integration




7
Diseases Affecting Prefrontal Cortex
71
Schizophrenia: Loss of Corticocortical Processing and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Knowledge

72
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Loss of Thalamocortical and Brain Stem Modulatory Mechanisms

73
Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease: Loss of Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms and Initiation or Inhibition of Motor Response

74
Overview of Neurobiology of Disease




8
Summary

Ronald G. Manning

Papers

Standardization of 18F for use in positron-emission tomography

Application of QSAR of substituted benzamides for prediction of their biodistribution as tracer radioligands in the brain