Social scientists have documented framing effects in a wide range of contexts, including surveys, experiments, and actual political campaigns. Many view work on framing effects as evidence of citizen incompetence—that is, evidence that citizens base their preferences on arbitrary information and/or are subject to extensive elite manipulation. Yet, we continue to lack a consensus on what a framing effect is as well as an understanding of how and when framing effects occur. In this article, I examine (1) the different ways that scholars have employed the concepts of framing and framing effects, (2) how framing effects may violate some basic criteria of citizen competence, and (3) what we know about how and when framing effects work. I conclude that while the evidence to date suggests some isolated cases of incompetence, the more general message is that citizens use frames in a competent and well-reasoned manner.

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The implications of framing effects for citizen competence

Survey experiments have become a central methodology across the social sciences. Researchers can combine experiments’ causal power with the generalizability of population-based samples. Yet, due to the expense of population-based samples, much research relies on convenience samples (e.g., students, online opt-in samples). The emergence of affordable, but non-representative online samples has reinvigorated debates about the external validity of experiments. We conduct two studies of how experimental treatment effects obtained from convenience samples compare to effects produced by population samples. In Study 1, we compare effect estimates from four different types of convenience samples and a population-based sample. In Study 2, we analyze treatment effects obtained from 20 experiments implemented on a population-based sample and Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The results reveal considerable similarity between many treatment effects obtained from convenience and nationally representative population-based samples. While the results thus bolster confidence in the utility of convenience samples, we conclude with guidance for the use of a multitude of samples for advancing scientific knowledge.

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The Generalizability of Survey Experiments

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgments 1. The electoral incentives for ethnic violence 2. Explaining town-level variation in Hindu-Muslim violence 3. State capacity explanations for Hindu-Muslim violence 4. The consociational explanation for Hindu-Muslim violence 5. The electoral incentives for Hindu-Muslim violence 6. Party competition and Hindu-Muslim violence 7. The electoral incentives for ethnic violence in comparative perspective 8. Democracy and ethnic violence Appendices References Index.

https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/29168/frontmatter/9780521829168_frontmatter.pdf

Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India

While scholars of International Relations and comparative politics have usually treated rhetoric as epiphenomenal, one strand of constructivism has recently returned rhetoric to the heart of political analysis, especially through the mechanism of persuasion. We too maintain that rhetoric is central to political processes and outcomes, but we argue that persuasion is theoretically and methodologically problematic. We aver that rhetoric’s role may be more usefully conceptualized in the context of coercion, and we advance a stylized model that illustrates how rhetorical coercion operates, explains why it works, and identifies key scope conditions. We subsequently illustrate our model’s relevance through a detailed examination of a ‘hard’ case. This article’s agenda is twofold. First, it advises scholars in these fields to avoid focusing on unanswerable questions about actors’ motives and to examine instead what actors say, in what contexts, and to what audiences. Second, it lays the groundwork for a ‘coercive constructivism’, complementing the liberal version so prevalent today.

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Twisting Tongues and Twisting Arms: The Power of Political Rhetoric

Gorikhovsky M.V. Strategic management of the farms competitiveness. Мanuscript. The dissertation for the degree of candidate of economic sciences, specialty 08.00.04 «Economics and management of the enterprises (according to the types of economic activity)». – State agrarian and engineering university in Podilya, Kamenets-Podolskyi, 2018. In the dissertation theoretical generalizations were made and the new solution for the actual scientifically-engineered task of problem concerning strategic management of competitiveness of farms is proposed. Solving this task will help strengthen the competitive position of the farms in the region with regard to direct and potential competitors. The obtained scientific results give grounds for the following conclusions. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and the strengthening of the competitiveness of agro holdings, the existence of many obstacles and problems in the development of farms (unsatisfactory technical and technological support, under-priced sales of own products, complications in marketing and product sales, constant seasonal inflation processes, inaccessible credit resources and state subsidies , which led to a decrease in their competitiveness), the question arises of the strategic management of their competitiveness. In this context, the term "strategic management of farming" is considered by the author as "a set of knowledge, skills and abilities of farmers in the adoption and implementation of strategic decisions that are developed under conditions of uncertainty and instability of the external environment, usually using only their own labor, production and financial resources" . At the same time, operational management, strategic planning and farmer policy are considered as components of strategic management, and not their derivatives. On the basis of the generalization of existing methodological approaches to the assessment of the competitiveness of farms found that most of them are oriented to indicators of their resource availability, resourcefulness, resource efficiency, profitability. In this context, the methodical foundations for assessing the competitiveness of farms are improved on the basis of systematization and supplementation of existing Foresight Forecasting and Data Mining Classifications, the use of a generalized EBITDA, which includes a multicriteria dimension of the functional components of a farm, which enables the analysis and forecasting of key competitive advantages and secondary characteristics , which in their totality have a significant influence on solving problems of strategic management of competitiveness of farms. The methodology for researching strategic management of the competitiveness of farms involves the formation of general principles, management methods, specific requirements that are put forward in the management system of different types of farms. On this basis, scientific approaches to the classification of farms have been improved, taking into account the size of the land bank, the level of agricultural cooperation, the level of specialization, the level of product marketability, the form of creation, ownership, formation, division of labor, the provision of means of production, which increases the level of validity of management decisions defined alternative directions of strategic development of farms and types of their behavior in the market. Based on the methodology proposed in the dissertation on the assessment of the state of strategic management of the competitiveness of farms through the integrated indicator of EBITDA, which takes into account the parameters of profitability, land security, reproduction of fixed assets, financial obligations, the directions of their strategic development were substantiated. The study of the dynamics of the EBITDA indicator in the investigated farms of the Khmelnitsky region has made it possible to establish that the main reason for the growth of the analyzed indicator at the present stage of their development are intensive growth factors such as crop yields, fundraising, profit, cost savings. The effectiveness of using the potential of land resources of farms has been researched in the context of dynamic agricultural development and it has been established that the efficiency of farming in these farms depends to a large extent on the size of the land bank, but also on the rational use of land, fertilizers, capital and labor resources. Practical use of methodological provisions for assessing the level of competitiveness of farms on the basis of adapted SWOT analysis methods, Modern portfolio theory (BGM matrices) of the investigated farms in the aggregate allowed to determine the key problems and directions of strategic development of farms, aimed at increasing their competitiveness in the external environment. The key role in external regulation of the process of forming the competitiveness of farms must be played by an institutional environment whose elements are intended to reduce farmers' informal lack of knowledge and transaction costs by creating adapted business plans and behavioral models for farms. Strategic analysis based on the systematic approach of studying the interconnections of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of farm development taking into account restrictive factors of competitiveness, which include insufficient demand for products, weather conditions, labor shortages, limited access to materials and equipment, financial constraints and level of managerial competence , allowed to formulate goals that together allow to solve key problems and to identify reserves for improving the efficiency of the economy the activities of farms in accordance with the state of their internal and external environment. Application of the AGMEMOD model enabled Ukraine to forecast the development of farms in the context of sustainable development of rural areas, namely: yield, gross crop and sown area of main crops, EBITDA, changes in demographic indicators and GDP of the Khmelnitsky region in a basic and optimistic variant of the forecast, the results of which gave the opportunity to substantiate competitive strategies, the implementation of which will ensure an increase in volumes of sales, profits, market share and penetration to new market segment and more. The proposed conceptual approach to strategic farm management competitiveness is a set of interconnected forms, methods and values that contribute to satisfying the needs of increasing the competitiveness of farms, on the basis of which a power strategy for the development of farms is carried out and the identification of potential opportunities for its implementation. The dissertation defines the components of ensuring the implementation and development of advanced technologies for the development of farms, which include: technical and technological (skills of working with statistical data and other information, introduction of the latest innovative strategies and concepts, application in the production of high technology and innovative technologies, etc.), legally -scientific (understanding of the legislative framework of Ukraine, knowledge of laws and possible legislative changes, study of foreign experience in the construction and implementation of a strategist ) and (knowing the potential for regional development, local needs awareness, communication and farmers government, solidarity and responsibility for the community, administrative skills, management style, competence). It is proved that in order to increase the competitiveness of farms, it is expedient to create agro-industrial associations whose activities are carried out on the basis of a non-profit partnership, which will promote the attraction of additional resources, optimization of processes of sale and processing of products, the formation of its own budget, etc. The proposed approach is based on the phased implementation of alternative strategies for individual groups of farms and the development of possible variants of their development based on a reasonable structural and logical scheme for their creation and functioning.

Орфоепічна та орфофонічна варіативність англійського мовлення британців, американців і канадійців (експериментально-фонетичне дослідження) . – На правах рукопису.

This book, the last work of an eminent political scientist, is an innovative study of political persuasion during the 1787-88 campaign to ratify the U.S. Constitution. Employing historical and rational choice analysis to examine the rhetoric and strategic maneuvers the victorious Federalists used, William H. Riker develops new tools and approaches to advance the science of political campaigns.

The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution

This innovative volume explores the evolution of constitutional doctrine as elaborated by the Supreme Court. Moving beyond the traditional ""law versus politics"" perspective, the authors draw extensively on recent studies in American Political Development (APD) to present a much more complex and sophisticated view of the Court as both a legal and political entity. The contributors - including Pam Brandwein, Howard Gillman, Mark Graber, Ronald Kahn, Tom Keck, Ken Kersch, Wayne Moore, Carol Nackenoff, Julie Novkov, and Mark Tushnet - share an appreciation that the process of constitutional development involves a complex interplay between factors internal and external to the Court. They underscore the developmental nature of the Court, revealing how its decision-making and legal authority evolve in response to a variety of influences: not only laws and legal precedents, but also social and political movements, election returns and regime changes, advocacy group litigation, and the interpretive community of scholars, journalists, and lawyers. Initial chapters reexamine standard approaches to the question of causation in judicial decision-making and the relationship between the Court and the ambient political order. Next, a selection of historical case studies exemplifies how the Court constructs its own authority as it defines individual rights and the powers of government. They show how interpretations of the Reconstruction amendments inform our understanding of racial discrimination, explain the undermining of affirmative action after Bakke, and consider why Roe v. Wade has yet to be overturned. They also tell how the Court has collaborated with political coalitions to produce the New Deal, Great Society, and Reagan Revolution, and why Native Americans have different citizenship rights than other Americans. These contributions encourage further debate about the nature and processes of constitutional change.

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The Supreme Court and American political development

Ronald Kahn greatly revises our understanding of Supreme Court decision making and its relation to constitutional theory in the eras of chief justices Earl Warren, Warren Burger, and William Rehnquist. In the process, he refutes the longstanding stereotypes of an activist Warren Court trying to legislate individual rights and of a visionless Burger Court hiding in its predecessor's shadows. Kahn contends that the dominant view of the Supreme Court as just another political institution is incorrect. That view depicts an unprincipled court wavering before external politics and public opinion or bending to the political agendas of individual justices. Kahn counters that justices throughout the postwar epoch, while well aware of the political environment, have consistently relied upon legal precedent and constitutional principles-especially in cases relating to individual rights and popular sovereignty. The Burger Court in particular, Kahn argues, had both a coherent vision and a highly complex understanding of malfunctions in the American polity and of fundamental rights in the Constitution. He cites as salient examples the Burger Court's controversial decision in Roe v. Wade and its decisions regarding gender equality, religious freedom, and the right to education of all children, even illegal aliens. He suggests that this same sensitivity, despite enormous popular and political pressures, has been demonstrated by the Rehnquist Court's decision in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). Kahn effectively reveals how the Supreme Court is influenced by its ongoing dialogue with scholars, judges, journalists, and others who debate the connections between constitutional law and democratic government. His critique of works by such prominent theorists as Robert Dahl, Martin Shapiro, Vincent Blasi, Anthony Lewis, Archibald Cox, Alexander Bickel, Herbert Wechsler, John Hart Ely, and Laurence Tribe, among others, provides valuable insights into this exchange between the court and its "interpretive community." His chapter on the new civic republicans like Michael Perry, Mark Tushnet, and Sanford Levinson, is especially provocative in its analysis of a potentially more productive guide for jurisprudence in the 1990s. Combining theoretical sophistication with a fundamental comprehension of our nation's political institutions, Kahn's study should help demystify for scholars and students alike the workings of the Court and its place in our democracy.

The Supreme Court and Constitutional Theory, 1953-1993

Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. By Michael Walzer. (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xviii + 345. $19.95.)

Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics . By Browning Rufus P., Marshall Dale Rogers, and Tabb David H.. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Pp. xvi + 317. $27.50.)

Ronald Kahn

Papers

The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution

The Supreme Court and American political development

The Supreme Court and Constitutional Theory, 1953-1993

Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. By Michael Walzer. (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xviii + 345. $19.95.)

Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics . By Browning Rufus P., Marshall Dale Rogers, and Tabb David H.. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Pp. xvi + 317. $27.50.)