https://www.ajkd.org/article/0272-6386(95)90119-1/pdf

The impact of gender on the progression of chronic renal disease

A number of cellular and biochemical processes are involved in the pathophysiology of glomerular and vascular remodeling, leading to renal and vascular disorders, respectively. Although estradiol protects the renal and cardiovascular systems, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this review we provide a discussion of the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which estradiol may exert protective effects on the kidneys and vascular wall. In this regard, we consider the possible role of genomic vs. nongenomic mechanisms and estrogen receptor-dependent vs. estrogen receptor-independent mechanisms in mediating the protective effects of estradiol on the renal and cardiovascular systems.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.3.F365

Estrogen-induced cardiorenal protection: potential cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms

The kidney in diabetes

Studies of diabetes mellitus in the streptozotocin rat model suggest that sexual dysfunctions may result from diabetes-induced alterations of the neuroendocrine-reproductive tract axis. Our investigation was performed to better define the effects of short-term hyperglycaemia on rat epididymal sperm quantity, quality and transit time, using both natural mating and artificial in utero insemination protocols. Male rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (sc, 40 mg/kg), whereas controls received vehicle. Sexual behaviour was tested after 15 days and sperm fertilizing ability was checked 22 days after the injection through natural mating and artificial in utero insemination. Other parameters such as daily sperm production, testosterone levels, as well as sperm morphology and motility were also investigated. Fifty per cent of the diabetic animals showed no copulatory behaviour during tests and the number of animals reaching ejaculation was smaller in the diabetic group when compared with the control group (33% vs. 83%). Diabetes resulted in decreased body and reproductive organ weights, as well as diminished sperm counts in the testis and epididymis, that were associated with diminution of plasmatic testosterone levels. After natural mating, there was a decrease in the fertility in the diabetic adult male rats (25.5%) compared with control animals (81.5%). However, distal cauda epididymal sperm from diabetic rats displayed normal fertilization ability (91.5%) using in utero insemination. There were no effects of hyperglycaemia on sperm transit time in the epididymis and on spermatogenesis. Our results indicate that diabetes mellitus produces reproductive dysfunction, but does not compromise sperm fertilizing ability in the cauda epididymis in this experimental model.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00682.x

Sexual behaviour, sperm quantity and quality after short-term streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in rats.

https://cmapspublic.ihmc.us/rid=1JDM5FWZ3-1QTDR34-19SQ/diferen%C3%A7a%20entre%20g%C3%A9neros%20na%20IRC.pdf

Gender and human chronic renal disease

Diffuse intercapillary glomerulosclerosis and exudative glomerulosclerosis were produced in rats fed high-sucrose diet for periods of nine to eighteen months. These lesions were observed by light and electron miscroscopy. Impairment of glucose tolerance was observed in the sucrose-fed animals and marked proteinuria developed in the course of long-term sucrose feeding. Such lesions did not develop in a control group of age-matched fed high-starch diets.

Nephropathy in sucrose-fed rats. Electron and light microscopic studies.

In the Cohen diabetic rat (genetically-selected sucrose-fed) ovariectomy resulted in a significantly decreased incidence of nephropathy, while estradiol treatment to the ovariectomized animal increased the rate of nephropathy to the levels occurring in the uncastrated untreated diabetic female. In the male diabetic animal orchidectomy caused a slight decrease in the rate of nephropathy whereas estradiol treatment to the orchidectomized animal resulted in a slight increase in the rate. No difference was found between the ovariectomized and the uncastrated diabetic female as to the spontaneous blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum cholesterol or TG levels, but a significant difference was found in their plasma estradiol levels.

Female sex hormone and nephropathy in Cohen diabetic rat (genetically selected sucrose-fed).

Testicular degeneration was observed in genetically selected sucrose-fed diabetic rats. The changes consisted of atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, thickening of the tubular basement membrane, marked reduction of the spermatogenesis and Leydig cell hyperplasia. None of these changes was observed in age-matched starch-fed siblings.

Rosenmann E

Papers

Nephropathy in sucrose-fed rats. Electron and light microscopic studies.

Female sex hormone and nephropathy in Cohen diabetic rat (genetically selected sucrose-fed).

Testicular degeneration in genetically selected sucrose-fed diabetic rats☆

Role of diet and genetics in the development of angiopathy in diabetes.