A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute. The study of type systems -- and of programming languages from a type-theoretic perspective -- has important applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compilers, and security.This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. The approach is pragmatic and operational; each new concept is motivated by programming examples and the more theoretical sections are driven by the needs of implementations. Each chapter is accompanied by numerous exercises and solutions, as well as a running implementation, available via the Web. Dependencies between chapters are explicitly identified, allowing readers to choose a variety of paths through the material.The core topics include the untyped lambda-calculus, simple type systems, type reconstruction, universal and existential polymorphism, subtyping, bounded quantification, recursive types, kinds, and type operators. Extended case studies develop a variety of approaches to modeling the features of object-oriented languages.

https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/tapl/contents.pdf

Types and Programming Languages

Domain-specific languages (DSLs) are languages tailored to a specific application domain. They offer substantial gains in expressiveness and ease of use compared with general-purpose programming languages in their domain of application. DSL development is hard, requiring both domain knowledge and language development expertise. Few people have both. Not surprisingly, the decision to develop a DSL is often postponed indefinitely, if considered at all, and most DSLs never get beyond the application library stage.Although many articles have been written on the development of particular DSLs, there is very limited literature on DSL development methodologies and many questions remain regarding when and how to develop a DSL. To aid the DSL developer, we identify patterns in the decision, analysis, design, and implementation phases of DSL development. Our patterns improve and extend earlier work on DSL design patterns. We also discuss domain analysis tools and language development systems that may help to speed up DSL development. Finally, we present a number of open problems.

/pdf/when-and-how-to-develop-domain-specific-languages-29nvxv3ngp.pdf

When and how to develop domain-specific languages

コンピュータ・サイエンス : ACM computing surveys

From the Publisher:
Provides a simple and clear presentation, covering propositional and predicate logic and some specialized logics used for reasoning about the correctness of computer systems.

/pdf/logic-in-computer-science-modelling-and-reasoning-about-1xmdohrju1.pdf

Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning about Systems

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Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning About Systems

We reconsider the foundations of modal logic, following Martin-Lof's methodology of distinguishing judgments from propositions. We give constructive meaning explanations for necessity and possibility, which yields a simple and uniform system of natural deduction for intuitionistic modal logic that does not exhibit anomalies found in other proposals. We also give a new presentation of lax logic and find that the lax modality is already expressible using possibility and necessity. Through a computational interpretation of proofs in modal logic we further obtain a new formulation of Moggi's monadic metalanguage.

A judgmental reconstruction of modal logic

We show that a type system based on the intuitionistic modal logic S4 provides an expressive framework for specifying and analyzing computation stages in the context of typed λ-calculi and functional languages. We directly demonstrate the sense in which our λe→□-calculus captures staging, and also give a conservative embeddng of Nielson and Nielson's two-level functional language in our functional language Mini-ML□, thus proving that binding-time correctness is equivalent to modal correctness on this fragment. In addition, Mini-ML□ can also express immediate evaluation and sharing of code across multiple stages, thus supporting run-time code generation as well as partial evaluation.

A modal analysis of staged computation

We show that a type system based on the intuitionistic modal logic S4 provides an expressive framework for specifying and analyzing computation stages in the context of functional languages. Our main technical result is a conservative embedding of Nielson & Nielson's two-level functional language in our language Mini-ML, thus proving that binding-time correctness is equivalent to modal correctness on this fragment. In addition Mini-ML can also express immediate evaluation and sharing of code across multiple stages, thus supporting run-time code generation as well as partial evaluation.

/pdf/a-modal-analysis-of-staged-computation-1vy8ks9mlv.pdf

The Curry-Howard isomorphism identifies proofs with typed /spl lambda/-calculus terms, and correspondingly identifies propositions with types. We show how this isomorphism can be extended to relate constructive temporal logic with binding-time analysis. In particular we show how to extend the Curry-Howard isomorphism to include the O ("next") operator from linear-time temporal logic. This yields the simply typed /spl lambda//sup O/-calculus which we prove to be equivalent to a multi-level binding-time analysis like those used in partial evaluation for functional programming languages. Further, we prove that normalization in /spl lambda//sup O/ can be done in an order corresponding to the times in the logic, which explains why /spl lambda//sup O/ is relevant to partial evaluation. We then extend /spl lambda//sup O/ to a small functional language, Mini-ML/sup O/, and give an operational semantics for it. Finally, we prove that this operational semantics correctly reflects the binding-times in the language, a theorem which is the functional programming analog of time-ordered normalization.

A temporal-logic approach to binding-time analysis

We show that standard formulations of intersection type systems are unsound in the presence of computational effects, and propose a solution similar to the value restriction for polymorphism adopted in the revised definition of Standard ML. It differs in that it is not tied to let-expressions and requires an additional weakening of the usual subtyping rules. We also present a bi-directional type-checking algorithm for the resulting language that does not require an excessive amount of type annotations and illustrate it through some examples. We further show that the type assignment system can be extended to incorporate parametric polymorphism. Taken together, we see our system and associated type-checking algorithm as a significant step towards the introduction of intersection types into realistic programming languages. The added expressive power would allow many more properties of programs to be stated by the programmer and statically verified by a compiler.

Rowan Davies

Papers

A judgmental reconstruction of modal logic

A modal analysis of staged computation

A modal analysis of staged computation

A temporal-logic approach to binding-time analysis

Intersection types and computational effects