Showing papers by "Roy J. Shephard published in 1972"

Urban exposure to carbon monoxide.

Abstract: Some 500 “grab” samples of air were collected during normal urban life and analyzed for carbon monoxide (CO). Concentrations were correlated with sunshine, rainfall, wind speed, and traffic density using nonparametric and multiple-regression techniques. Local traffic density (td) accounts for 63% of the variance; equations based on td describe the CO exposure (log [χ + 1] ppm) encountered by pedestrians (0.59 + 0.133 td) and car drivers (0.92 + 0.086 td). Attenuation away from busy streets is rapid. In downtown offices, concentrations follow the general atmospheric pattern. Smoking can bring indoor concentrations above permitted 24-hour levels.

Smoking withdrawal programme. Personality and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Abstract: Data have been collected on 256 men and 187 women attending a smoking withdrawal programme. Personality was assessed by the Cattell questionnaire. Initial fitness was associated with a high Q2 score in the men (reserved personality) and low I and O scores in the women (tough-minded, lacking apprehensiveness). Initial resistance to smoking and success of the smoking withdrawal programme were related in the men to a critical and independent mind (high Q1 and E scores) with absence of tension (low Q4); in the women, success was related to lack of tension and apprehension (low Q4 and low O score). The immediate effects of abstinence from cigarettes included a dramatic reduction in the blood carfeoxyhemoglobin level. A smoking withdrawal clinic should adopt a total approach to health with emphasis on the immediate benefits of abstinence.

Exercise in a cold climate.

Abstract: Dr. Shephard reviews practical advice required by the winter sportsman in relation to more fundamental aspects of the bodily response to cold. Heat loss occurs by radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation of sweat; this loss must be made good by metabolism if the body is not to be chilled. Convection is the main source of heat loss in the sportsman, and must be minimized by appropriate clothing. Chilling below a body temperature of 95 degrees F is undesirable; temperatures below 90 degrees F are rapidly fatal. Heat is restored to the body by warming, by the "waste" energy of physical activity, and by shivering.Problems of angina and bronchospasm can be minimized by warming and humidifying inspired gas. Aerobic power is affected only slightly by cold exposure. Liability to muscular injuries and frostbite, and the course of acclimatization to cold are briefly discussed.