Technology advancements have a rapid effect on every field of life, be it medical field or any other field. Artificial intelligence has shown the promising results in health care through its decision making by analysing the data. COVID-19 has affected more than 100 countries in a matter of no time. People all over the world are vulnerable to its consequences in future. It is imperative to develop a control system that will detect the coronavirus. One of the solution to control the current havoc can be the diagnosis of disease with the help of various AI tools. In this paper, we classified textual clinical reports into four classes by using classical and ensemble machine learning algorithms. Feature engineering was performed using techniques like Term frequency/inverse document frequency (TF/IDF), Bag of words (BOW) and report length. These features were supplied to traditional and ensemble machine learning classifiers. Logistic regression and Multinomial Naive Bayes showed better results than other ML algorithms by having 96.2% testing accuracy. In future recurrent neural network can be used for better accuracy.

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Machine learning based approaches for detecting COVID-19 using clinical text data.

In this paper, a novel robust color image watermarking method based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed. In this method, RGB cover image is divided into red, green and blue components. DCT and DWT are applied to each color components. Grayscale watermark image is scrambled by using Arnold transform. DCT is performed to the scrambled watermark image. Transformed watermark image is then divided into equal smaller parts. DCT coefficients of each watermark parts are embedded into four DWT bands of the color components of the cover image. The robustness of the proposed color image watermarking has been demonstrated by applying various image processing operations such as rotating, resizing, filtering, jpeg compression, and noise adding to the watermarked images. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust to the linear and nonlinear attacks and the transparency of the watermarked images has been protected.

A novel hybrid DCT and DWT based robust watermarking algorithm for color images

A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking

In recent years, with the widespread of Internet and digitized processing of multi-script documents worldwide, script identification techniques have become more important in the pattern recognition field. Script identification concerns methods for identifying different scripts in multi-lingual, multi-script documents. This paper presents a comprehensive overview on research activities in the field and focuses on the most valuable results obtained so far. The most vital processes in script identification are addressed in detail: identification and discriminating methods, features extraction (local and global), and classification. Different kinds of approaches have been developed and promising results have been achieved. This paper reports SoA performance results. This paper reports methods concerning handwritten, printed, and hybrid document processing. More research is necessary to meet the performance levels essential for everyday applications.

Script Identification of Multi-Script Documents: A Survey

This paper proposes a blind and robust color image watermarking method based on a new three-dimensional Henon chaotic map and uses integer wavelet transform, discrete wavelet transform and contourlet transform in embedding and extracting processes. In the presented approach, color images are divided into $$4\times 4$$ main nonoverlapping parts, and one of the transforms is applied to these parts. Then the low–low sub-band of transform is selected. The suggested map is used to find $$2\times 2$$ blocks in the embedding process. The bits of watermark are embedded in the parts of images to increase the robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme. To improve the quality of the final watermark, the suggested technique uses a correction process in the extracting process. In this paper, the bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent, cobweb plot and trajectory diagram are used to show the chaotic behavior of the proposed map. Based on DIEHARD, ENT and NIST test suites, the suggested map can be used as a pseudo-random number generator. The simulation results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm is robust against most image processing attacks like salt & pepper, cropping, low-pass filter, wiener filter, blurring, etc. The comparison results between the suggested watermarking scheme, and some similar methods show that the presented technique has good performance, imperceptibility, acceptable robustness and outperforms most related methods.

A blind and robust color images watermarking method based on block transform and secured by modified 3-dimensional Hénon map

A new block based blind color image watermarking method is presented in this work. The proposed method has been implemented using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT). The host color image is initially subjected to DWT and the coefficients belonging to a particular frequency band so obtained are divided into different blocks for watermark embedding. The watermark comprising of a grayscale image is bit sliced and the resultant bits are inserted in the image blocks in a predetermined fashion. Only a portion of each image blocks is considered for watermarking embedding and the remaining parts are used as a guard band with the adjacent blocks. The experimental results have shown that the impact of attacks has reduced to a large extend by employing the above mentioned procedure which in turn has significantly improved the security and robustness of the proposed watermarking scheme.

A block based watermarking approach for color images using discrete wavelet transformation

The digitization has resulted in knowledge explosion in the modern technology-driven world and has led to the encouragement and motivation for digitization of the intellectual artifact. The combining, replication, and distribution facility of the digital media such as text, images, audio, and video easier and faster has no doubt revolutionized the world. However, the unauthorized use and maldistribution of information by online pirates is the sole threat that refrains the information proprietors to share their digital property. It is therefore imperative to come up with standard means to protect the intellectual property rights (IRP) of the multimedia data, thereby developing the effective multimedia authentication techniques to discourage the illegitimate distribution of information content. Digital watermarking, which is believed to be the potential means among the various possible approaches, to encourage the content providers to secure their digital property while maintaining its availability, has been entreated as a potential mechanism to protect IRP of multimedia contents.

Digital Watermarking: A Potential Solution for Multimedia Authentication

In today’s knowledge driven society and technology driven economy, when data is considered to be one of the most important corporate resource of an organization, equally important is the security of the same to prevent unauthorized users to access and manipulate it. Watermarking being an appropriate solution for claiming authorization has prompted many researchers to work in this direction and accordingly a substantial amount of research work has been done using different schemes on various media types. The main impetus in writing this paper is to provide a broader view as how much work has been carried so far and what are the different dimensions that have been taken into consideration to watermark color images using discrete wavelet transformation. The paper will help prospective researchers to gain more insight about the work that has been done and pave a way for them to design and implement better techniques.

DWT based color image watermarking: a review

The growth and emergence of telemedicine has resulted into considerable increase in the transfer of medical images between various health centers over computer networks for various purposes, such as diagnosis, clinical interpretation, and archives. The security of these images is a serious concern since these images can be manipulated during their transmission over the network. Moreover, as the authentication of the medical images is required for various legal purposes; the information security requirement specifications specified by various legislative rules must be adhered by the concerned stakeholders. In this research, a discrete wavelet-based watermarking scheme has been proposed for the authentication of medical images. The experimental results obtained have shown that the proposed scheme is a secure one and robust against various common image processing attacks.

A Discrete Wavelet Based Watermarking Scheme for Authentication of Medical Images

Script identification is a very important field in the area of pattern recognition & document image analysis. Commendable work has been proposed and implemented to recognize various common scripts in unilingual, bilingual and multilingual contexts. So far, diminutive work has been presented for Kashmiri script identification. In this paper, we are describing and experimentally testing our approach for identification of Kashmiri script with respect to English script which comprises a text document image. Two important and simple features are used for identification of scripts: Horizontal Profile Coefficients (Peaks) & Horizontal Profile Valleys.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6695812/6707528/06707658.pdf

Rumaan Bashir

Papers

A block based watermarking approach for color images using discrete wavelet transformation

Digital Watermarking: A Potential Solution for Multimedia Authentication

DWT based color image watermarking: a review

A Discrete Wavelet Based Watermarking Scheme for Authentication of Medical Images

Identification of Kashmiri script in a bilingual document image