Wireless charging is a technology of transmitting power through an air gap to electrical devices for the purpose of energy replenishment. The recent progress in wireless charging techniques and development of commercial products have provided a promising alternative way to address the energy bottleneck of conventionally portable battery-powered devices. However, the incorporation of wireless charging into the existing wireless communication systems also brings along a series of challenging issues with regard to implementation, scheduling, and power management. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of wireless charging techniques, the developments in technical standards, and their recent advances in network applications. In particular, with regard to network applications, we review the static charger scheduling strategies, mobile charger dispatch strategies and wireless charger deployment strategies. Additionally, we discuss open issues and challenges in implementing wireless charging technologies. Finally, we envision some practical future network applications of wireless charging.

Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network Applications

Wireless charging is a technology of transmitting power through an air gap to electrical devices for the purpose of energy replenishment. The recent progress in wireless charging techniques and development of commercial products have provided a promising alternative way to address the energy bottleneck of conventionally portable battery-powered devices. However, the incorporation of wireless charging into the existing wireless communication systems also brings along a series of challenging issues with regard to implementation, scheduling, and power management. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of wireless charging techniques, the developments in technical standards, and their recent advances in network applications. In particular, with regard to network applications, we review the mobile charger dispatch strategies, static charger scheduling strategies and wireless charger deployment strategies. Additionally, we discuss open issues and challenges in implementing wireless charging technologies. Finally, we envision some practical future network applications of wireless charging.

The risk of falls in older adults restrict their social life and independent living. The assisted living devices help older adults to live independently in their home, giving a psychological boost, and releasing the burden on the caregiver and the healthcare providers. A robust and accurate fall detection system is essential to provide immediate help and to reduce the severe post-fall consequences, and the associated medical care cost significantly. This review aims to provide a comprehensive technical insight into the existing fall detection system, to classify various approaches and the challenges encountered during implementation. The fall detectors are broadly classified into three categories, namely wearable, ambiance-based, and hybrid sensing detectors, which are further explored by the sensor technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of each competing sensor technology ranging from an accelerometer, pressure sensor, and radar to camera-based and their infusion into a complete fall detection system. It outlines the strength and limitations of different sensor fall detection systems in terms of feature extraction, classification, performance, and experimental dataset. The user adaptability, installation complexity, and power requirement of the systems are the main areas, which are not addressed adequately in the literature. In the end, the review provides a basic framework in deciding the technology for a specific scenario or location according to the prerequisites for the deployment.

Sensor Technologies for Fall Detection Systems: A Review

Capacitive proximity sensors (CPSs) are ubiquitous because of their simple design, low cost and low consumption. Capacitive displacement sensing, as one of the three sensing modalities, works for long distance and can be unitized to measure more physical quantities compared with capacitive volume and deformation sensing. In this paper, we firstly introduce the concept of capacitive displacement sensing. After that, we present applications of capacitive displacement sensing under three broad categories: distance measurements, indirect measurements, and the applications applied in smart environments. Finally, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions for CPSs development. We show that both the detection range and accuracy of CPS can be improved by multi-sensor fusion, and the application scenarios can be extensive through machine/deep learning approaches. We aim to provide a comprehensive, and state-of-the-art review of the capacitive displacement sensing, and inspire more researchers and developers to find wide application perspectives.

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A Review on Applications of Capacitive Displacement Sensing for Capacitive Proximity Sensor

The ageing population has grown quickly in the last half century with increased longevity and declining birth rate. This presents challenges to health services and the wider society. This review paper considers different aspects (e.g., physical, mental, and social well-being) of healthy ageing and how health devices can help people to monitor health conditions, treat diseases and promote social interactions. Existing technologies for addressing non-physical (e.g., Alzheimer’s, loneliness) and physical (e.g., stroke, bedsores, and fall) related challenges are presented together with the drivers and constraints of using e-textiles for these applications. E-textiles provide a platform that enables unobtrusive and ubiquitous deployment of sensors and actuators for healthy ageing applications. However, constraints remain on battery, integration, data accuracy, manufacturing, durability, ethics/privacy issues, and regulations. These challenges can only effectively be met by interdisciplinary teams sharing expertise and methods, and involving end users and other key stakeholders at an early stage in the research.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4463/pdf

E-Textiles for Healthy Ageing.

With the continual increase of senior citizens more resources are required for providing care centers services. The quality of such services can be enhanced by remotely monitoring senior citizens living independently in their homes. The monitoring can be performed using various types of sensors, but the solution presented in this paper is simple, cost effective as well as easy to implement compared to most of the existing systems. The proposed system uses capacitive based sensor to monitor the daily activities of an elderly living alone. The monitoring system works on the principle of measuring the disturbance in the electromagnetic field when a human body approaches the sensor. This proposed sensor is fundamentally based on electric field sensing using sensors are in the form of thin planar electrodes. The Arduino-based board in combination with CapSense library acquires the sensed data. The detection system is embedded on the care-center floor surface, making the system to be non-intrusive as well as maintaining the privacy of the user. The data so obtained is perceived as information on a PC, which can be used in generating an automatic alarm system. A notification can be sent to the cell phones of the caregivers for assistance. The important thing in the alarms is that no user input is required from the person under monitoring and no devices need to be worn. A prototype sensor is described in detail and preliminary results are presented based on simulation and experimental procedure.

An activity monitoring system for senior citizens living independently using capacitive sensing technique

: A proliferating interest has been observed over the past years in the development of an accurate system for monitoring continuous human activities in the health care sectors, especially for the elderly. This paper conducts a survey of the various techniques and methods that are proposed to monitor the movements and activities of the elderly people. These techniques promise a useful and dependable detection system to give support and lessen the medical expenses of health care for the elderly. The detection approaches are divided into five main categories: wearable device based, wireless based, ambience device based, vision based and floor sensor / electric field sensors based. These techniques have focused on the pros and cons of the existing methods for recognizing the prospective scope of research in the domain of health monitoring systems. Apart from highlighting and analyzing the features of the existing techniques, perspectives on probable future studies have been detailed. ABSTRAK: Dewasa ini, pembangunan sistem yang tepat untuk memantau aktiviti berterusan terutamanya dalam sektor kesihatan warga tua mula mendapat tempat. Kaji selidik telah dijalankan dengan pelbagai teknik dan kaedah untuk meninjau pergerakan dan aktiviti golongan warga tua. Kaedah-kaedah ini memberikan sistem pengesanan yang berguna dan dipercayai untuk memberikan sokongan serta mengurangkan kos perubatan kesihatan bagi golongan tua. Pendekatan pengesanan dibahagikan kepada lima kategori utama; alatan yang dapat dipakai, alatan tanpa wayar, alatan berdasarkan persekitaran, alatan berasaskan penglihatan dan alatan berdasarkan pengesan pada lantai / medan elektrik.  Teknik-teknik ini memfokuskan kepada pro dan kontra kaedah yang sedia ada untuk mengenalpasti skop prospektif penyelidikan dalam domain sistem pengawasan kesihatan.  Selain daripada mengetengah dan menganalisa ciri-ciri teknik yang sedia ada, perspektif kajian akan datang juga diperincikan. KEYWORDS:  health monitoring; elderly; wearable device; wireless device; ambience device, vision analysis; floor sensors /* Style Definitions */
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A study on health monitoring system: recent advancements

The acquisition of Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signals is used for many applications including the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, and prosthesis control. The diagnostic quality of the SEMG signal is highly dependent on the conditioning circuit of the SEMG acquisition system. This paper presents the design of an SEMG conditioning circuit that can guarantee to collect high quality signal with high SNR such that it is immune to environmental noise. The conditioning circuit consists of four stages; consisting of an instrumentation amplifier that is used with a gain of around 250; 4th order band pass filter in the 20–500Hz frequency range as the two initial stages. The third stage is an amplifier with adjustable gain using a variable resistance; the gain could be changed from 1000 to 50000. In the final stage the signal is translated to meet the input requirements of data acquisition device or the ADC. Acquisition of accurate signals allows it to be analyzed for extracting the required characteristic features for medical and clinical applications. According to the experimental results, the value of SNR for collected signal is 52.4 dB which is higher than the commercial system, the power spectrum density (PSD) graph is also presented and it shows that the filter has eliminated the noise below 20 Hz.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/53/1/012027/pdf

High Quality Acquisition of Surface Electromyography – Conditioning Circuit Design

This work demonstrates a non-invasive capacitive proximity based floor sensing system to monitor the motion of a human body (elderly patients). Monitoring the motion of an elderly patient can help them to move freely without the limitation of staying in a restricted environment which is suited for homecare applications. On the basis of application, such implementations need low-power, accurate and real-time measurement for measuring any abnormal behaviours. The proposed capacitive sensing system is based on the idea of making capacitive variations due to human body motion and this variation in capacitance is converted into an equivalent signal that has proportionate output frequency change. The floor sensor is proposed to be employed underneath the carpets of the floor surface. The sensors are rectangular shaped electrodes, arranged in the form of a matrix.

A capacitive proximity sensing scheme for human motion detection

The work aims in creating a monitoring system for the elderly population intended to be used in the bedroom. The sensors selected can measure the sleep pattern and selected vital signals. This particular sensor was preferred as a result of its simplicity in integration, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The suggested work is shown to be in the form of embedded sensors integrated in the bedroom. An alarm system has also been included in the bedroom design to assist the elderly to request for help during an emergency situation. Bed sensors are installed under the bed sheets to detect the sleeping pattern of the elderly person. Furthermore, humidity and ambient temperature sensors are also implemented in the design to constantly monitor their vital health conditions. Thus, the bedroom health and wellness monitoring system will allow an elderly person to stay independently in their own home in a secured environment.

Rumana Tasnim

Papers

An activity monitoring system for senior citizens living independently using capacitive sensing technique

A study on health monitoring system: recent advancements

High Quality Acquisition of Surface Electromyography – Conditioning Circuit Design

A capacitive proximity sensing scheme for human motion detection

Health and Wellness Monitoring of Elderly People Using Intelligent Sensing Technique