The aim of this article was to study degreasing of raw materials raw fish bone waste and animal waste. A new method was developed, aimed at intensive extraction of fat with an additional absorber- de-limonene, placed in water during high-temperature cooking of raw materials of animal origin. De-limonene is a widespread terpene hydrocarbon, and a primary component of orange peel oil (constitutes up to 80–90%). Degreasing with the inclusion of de-limonene increases the degree of hydrolysis of collagen from animal raw materials, which intensifies the extraction of fat from the processed raw materials. High-temperature cooking promotes the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids, which further break down into low molecular weight products. At the end of the heat the temperature of the heating plates is 70-90 ° C, the pressure inside the boiler is 1.6,-2.4 kPa, the duration is 60-100 minutes treatment of the raw material, a two-phase system was obtained: dry fat greaves and fat. Fat was sucked off by pumps connected to digesters, and greasy greaves were sent for degreasing by pressing. The method produced broth, fat, and feed.

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Method for the Production of Fat from Raw Materials and Animal Waste

More than 60 % of electric energy in industry and agriculture is consumed by an electric drive. In a number of production mechanisms, machines and aggregates of various industries, synchronous rotation of several electric motors connected to each other mechanically, electrically or technologically is needed. This requires the use of more complex methods of controlling electromechanical systems, since two or more electric motors must work in concert for one load, which, in turn, entails the use of a new element base, power and control, allowing to implement these technological cycles of work.
The object of research is a three-motor electromechanical system interconnected and operating according to the “electric working shaft” (EWS) system. The main fundamental difference from earlier works is that they consider a system of coordinated rotation of only two asynchronous motors, respectively, only one misalignment angle between two asynchronous motors was taken into account. At the same time, the conclusions of the moments and currents of the motors were significantly simplified.
In the proposed study, the number of consistently (synchronously) rotating motors from three and above is taken into consideration. In this case, the number of misalignment angles is assumed to be equal to the number of engines, that is, three involved in rotation.
The analytical expressions of the basic electromechanical relations of the “electric working shaft” system with the regulation of the supply voltage are developed. A method is proposed for calculating the statistical characteristics of the regulated EWS system, which is easy to use and allows calculations in a wide range of rotor misalignment angles at various engine loads

Development of mathematical description of mechanical characteristics of integrated multi-motor electric drive for drying plant

The interaction of fine particles with an expanding gas flow under fluidization conditions is considered. The objects of study are finely dispersed materials, their single particles, gas flow in a fluidized layer. The study used the laws of dynamics and hydrodynamics, the classical laws of mechanics, as well as mathematical methods for the analytical solution of equations. It is emphasized that when a particle moves upwards in a gas jet, three forces act on it: the resistance force Fc, the gravity force P, and the Archimedes force A. As a result, the motion of a fine particle in an expanding gas flow is described taking into account the law of dynamics. During the study, an analytical equation was obtained to determine the velocity of a particle during its rise and fall in a gas jet. During the study, an analytical equation was obtained to find the height of the particle ascent depending on the gas flow rate for given geometric parameters of the gas flow. The obtained formulas can be used in the process of studying the process of convective drying of finely dispersed materials for various design parameters of the dryer. In practice, as a rule, there are various empirical formulas that describe such interactions of particles for specific parameters, which make it difficult to generalize them. In this work, the correctness of the assumed conditions necessary for the analytical solution of the differential equation of particle motion is proved. As a result, formulas were obtained that make it possible to determine the velocity of a particle in a gas jet and the height of its rise depending on the gas flow rate. On the basis of these formulas, graphic dependences of the gas velocity in the jet on the height Vg=f(Z), as well as the dependences of the height of the particle rise hm on the air flow rate in the jet L at different jet expansion angles α=15°; α=20°; α=30° are plotted. It was found that with an increase in the height Z in an expanding jet, the gas velocity in the jet Vg decreases, with an increase in the air flow rate in the jet L, the height of the particle rise hm increases. These formulas are the basis for further consideration of the movement of particles in a fluidized layer in the process of convective drying of fine materials for its intensification of the drying process

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Obtaining a formula describing the interaction of fine particles with an expanding gas flow in a fluid layer

The systems engineering approach provides an increasingly widespread and pervasive integrative framework for modern systems analysis and management practice. Systems engineering methodology stems primarily from extensive experience in the development and management of highly complex large scale military systems by the Department of Defense. An attempt is made in this paper to present a background on the evolution of the systems engineering process and to synthesize a more complete resolution than is generally available in the literature. Hopefully this understanding will contribute to current and potential applications of systems engineering procedures for technological, social, industrial, and governmental purposes.

Systems engineering in perspective

The moisture content of corn stover during the harvest season in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China is approximately 50%. To achieve rapid off-field transportation and to prolong its shelf life, a method suitable for corn stover with medium-high moisture content was considered based on the stover multistage continuous cold roll forming method. An orthogonal experiment was adopted by taking the moisture content, sterilization method, and inhibitor addition method as experimental factors and taking the shelf life, percent rebound, and density of the molding blocks as the experimental indices. It was found that the steam sterilization method can prolong the shelf life of the molding block the most. The percent rebound and the density were primarily affected by the moisture content, followed by the sterilization method. A comprehensive analysis indicated that the optimal treatment mode was a moisture content of 45%, and the optimal sterilization method was steam sterilization with no inhibitor. In this mode, the molding block can be stored for 72 h without mildew with an average temperature of 32 °C and an average humidity of 48% during the day. The percent rebound was 24.3%, and the density can reach 310 kg/m3 after the completion of rebound.

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Off-field Transportation and Storage of Corn Stover with Medium-high Moisture Content Based on the Multistage Continuous Cold Roll Forming Method

The article is devoted to the study of the sterilization of waste materials and animal feed meal. It was revealed that at the last stage of waste processing of animal origin, as a result of fine grinding in the crusher, feed meal of low biological value is obtained. As a result of research, a technology of multistage sterilization of raw materials has been developed with obtaining feed meal of animal origin of high biological value due to cooking-sterilization (stage 1), drying-sterilization (stage 2), steam sterilization (stage 3). As a result of the final sterilization, i.e. steam sterilization of feed meal from animal waste revealed that when the temperature drops below 110 °C and sterility is not achieved when the warm-up time is less than 25 minutes and when the temperature rises above 134 °C and the warm-up time is more than 50 minutes, the degradation of the sterilized materials begins. It is revealed that the total number of microbes in 1 g of flour is completely eliminated due to the use of multistage sterilization technology.

Technology of Multi-stage Sterilization of Raw Materials with the Production of Feed Meal of High Biological Value

The interaction properties of the seeds have to be calibrated to simulate the realistic behavior of the seed bulk. Here, a simple and accurate calibration method of DEM interaction properties of seeds with adequate equipment to simulate each seed’s behavior remains a challenge. In this research, the rotary drum is chosen as simple equipment to calibrate particle–particle and particle–material interaction properties, as there is a lack of research on whether the rotary drum is adequate equipment to calibrate particle–material interaction properties. Therefore, this article calibrates particle–particle and particle–material static and rolling interaction coefficients using a rotary drum. The calibration of particle–material static and rolling friction coefficients are described using the rotating drum with a 45 degrees inclination. The particle–particle static and rolling friction coefficients were calibrated according to the angle of repose when the rotary drum is vertical.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/9/1497/pdf?version=1663498996

Ruslan Maratbekovich Iskakov

Papers

Technology of Multi-stage Sterilization of Raw Materials with the Production of Feed Meal of High Biological Value

Method for the Production of Fat from Raw Materials and Animal Waste

Development of mathematical description of mechanical characteristics of integrated multi-motor electric drive for drying plant

Obtaining a formula describing the interaction of fine particles with an expanding gas flow in a fluid layer

A Study on the Calibration of Wheat Seed Interaction Properties Based on the Discrete Element Method