This paper is concerned with the application of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to long-duration and large-scale environmental monitoring. The holy grail is a system that can be deployed and operated by domain specialists not engineers, but this remains some distance into the future. We present our views as to why this field has progressed less quickly than many envisaged it would over a decade ago. We use real examples taken from our own work in this field to illustrate the technological difficulties and challenges that are entailed in meeting end-user requirements for information gathering systems. Reliability and productivity are key concerns and influence the design choices for system hardware and software. We conclude with a discussion of long-term challenges for WSN technology in environmental monitoring and outline our vision of the future.

Environmental Wireless Sensor Networks

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/148592447/Water_Quality_monitoring_in_smart_city_rev2.pdf

Water quality monitoring in a smart city: a pilot project

This review paper describes a novel approach to plant cultivation under soil-less culture. At present, global climate change is expected to raise the risk of frequent drought. Agriculture is in a p...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17429145.2018.1472308

Modern plant cultivation technologies in agriculture under controlled environment: a review on aeroponics

We describe the design and implementation of a public-key platform, secFleck, based on a commodity Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip that extends the capability of a standard node. Unlike previous software public-key implementations this approach provides E-Commerce grade security; is computationally fast, energy efficient; and has low financial cost -- all essential attributes for secure large-scale sensor networks. We describe the secFleck message security services such as confidentiality, authenticity and integrity, and present performance results including computation time, energy consumption and cost. This is followed by examples, built on secFleck, of symmetric key management, secure RPC and secure software update.

/pdf/secfleck-a-public-key-technology-platform-for-wireless-6wdlzwwojc.pdf

secFleck: A Public Key Technology Platform for Wireless Sensor Networks

Review: The impact of agricultural activities on water quality: A case for collaborative catchment-scale management using integrated wireless sensor networks

This paper investigates a wireless sensor network deployment - monitoring water quality, e.g. salinity and the level of the underground water table - in a remote tropical area of northern Australia. Our goal is to collect real time water quality measurements together with the amount of water being pumped out in the area, and investigate the impacts of current irrigation practice on the environments, in particular underground water salination. This is a challenging task featuring wide geographic area coverage (mean transmission range between nodes is more than 800 meters), highly variable radio propagations, high end-to-end packet delivery rate requirements, and hostile deployment environments. We have designed, implemented and deployed a sensor network system, which has been collecting water quality and flow measurements, e.g., water flow rate and water flow ticks for over one month. The preliminary results show that sensor networks are a promising solution to deploying a sustainable irrigation system, e.g., maximizing the amount of water pumped out from an area with minimum impact on water quality.

/pdf/design-and-deployment-of-a-remote-robust-sensor-network-1etllxua13.pdf

S. Brosnan

Papers

Design and Deployment of a Remote Robust Sensor Network: Experiences from an Outdoor Water Quality Monitoring Network