In the presented work, on the basis of the introduced integral indicator of the quality of information support for decision makers in the Air Traffic Control system, the security of the Identification Friend or Foe systems was assessed under the action of intentional simulated interrogation signals flows in the interrogation channel. It is shown that jamming of intentional correlated interference of the required intensity in the interrogation channel allows paralyzing the aircraft responder of Identification Friend or Foe systems, which reduces the likelihood of correct identification of air objects and, as a result, eliminates the accuracy of information in the Air Traffic Control system.

https://openarchive.nure.ua/bitstream/document/9846/1/ELNANO-19_Strelnytskyi_Svyd_Obod_Maltsev_Voloshchuk_Zavolodko_%d0%b1%d1%96%d0%b1%d0%bb.pdf

Assessment Reliability of Data in the Identification Friend or Foe Systems

Cassini ovali, duzlem uzerindeki sabit iki noktaya olan mesafelerinin carpimi yine bir sabit olan noktalar kumesinin olusturdugu kuadratik bir egri olarak tanimlanabilir. Benzersiz ozellikleri ve geometrik profili, bu ovalleri pek cok askeri ve ticari alanda kullanilmasina imkan taniyan ustun bir arac haline getirmis, ayrica analitik geometriye ve genel elips konseptinin otesindeki matematik teorisiyle iliskili diger konulara yeni bir boyut kazandirmistir. Bu calisma kapsaminda, Cassini ovallarinin cesitli ozellikleriyle ilgili analitik ifadeler gelistirilmis ve farkli alanlardan ornekler kullanilarak soz konusu ovallerin uygulama alanlarina iliskin ozet bilgi verilmistir.

A Multi Foci Closed Curve: Cassini Oval, its Properties and Applications = Çok Merkezli Kapalı Bir Eğri: Cassini Ovali, Özellikleri ve Uygulamaları

In this article, based on the Bayesian approach, the Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems data fusion model is proposed and investigated for the case, where the uncertainty volume of PSR and IFF systems are the same, as well as for the case, where the uncertainty volume of IFF systems significantly exceeds the PSR uncertainty volume and several air object are in the IFF systems uncertainty volume It is shown that for the second case, the identification process has three phases: the detection and measurement of air object (AO) coordinates, AO selection and AO binding to target designation, which includes fusing the AO coordinates determined by the PSR and IFF systems, followed by identification of the detected AO Each of the phases can be random in nature and can be described by numerical parameters: the probability of measuring the trait by which it will be selected; the probability of selection, which characterizes the ability of IFF systems to classify AOs as "Friend" and "Foe" according to a measured score; the likelihood of correctly linking the "Friend and Foe" score to target designation

https://openarchive.nure.ua/bitstream/document/13394/5/DESSERT_5040_lib.pdf

Fusion Method of Primary Surveillance Radar Data and IFF systems Data

The paper considers ways to improve the quality of information support for airspace control systems and air traffic control with the help of wide-area multi-position monitoring systems. A comparative analysis has shown that the accuracy of estimating air object coordinates by the wide area multilateration system under consideration is significantly higher than that provided by currently available wide area multilateration systems. It is shown that the introduction of active and passive methods for creating wide-area multi-position observation systems significantly broadens the number of available air object coordinate estimation techniques and, as a result, enhances the quality of information support by providing its users with the opportunity of choosing an optimal estimation method for various primary measurements of received signal parameters. Active wide area multilateration systems significantly expand the number of methods available for solving the problem of adequate information support to airspace control system users; use of secondary surveillance radar aircraft responders allows estimating air object coordinates by both single-position and multi-position method.

WAM Systems: Comparative Analysis of Information Support Quality

In a radar system the proper choice of waveforms directly affects the performance of the system like signal to noise ratio (SNR), range resolution, Doppler resolution, ambiguities in range, ambiguities in Doppler and sidelobe levels. In Multi-Static radar systems, Transmitter(Tx), Receiver(Rx) are geographically apart at a fixed location so that they can exploit spatial diversity to improved detection performance in comparison to vis-a-vis mono static radar. The detection performance will further improve for the case of Transmitter(Tx), Receiver(Rx) are at dynamics location, like in the case of all Airborne radar. But the more challenges lies when radar platforms are mobile or airborne radar due to the statistical characteristics of radar signal dynamically changing. The Transmitter (Tx)-Receiver(Rx) pair in this case is taken on moving platform such as the assumed configuration Airborne radar with multiple radar receiver on different UAVs platforms. Now a days Stealth aircraft has proven to be one of the most effective approaches to hide the target from radar systems. So for the detection of such aircrafts, the radar systems based on multi-dynamic concept attracted a substantial attention. In this paper the Bi-static radar configuration is considered, the simulation is made for ambiguity diagram for Bi-static radar waveform. Design and simulation of ambiguity diagram is also made for multi-dynamic radar scenario for Airborne Surveillance system.

Design of Ambiguity Function for Multi-Dynamic Radar extension of Multi-Static Radar

Multi-dynamic radar systems are of emerging interest as airborne surveillance system, as it can exploit spatial diversity for airborne radar scenario. Multi-dynamic radar is new state of art, it is an conceptual extension of Multi-static and statistical class of MIMO radar. Multi-dynamic radar enables improved performance for various cases vis-a-vis mono static radar and multi-static radar. The real challenge lies for this state of art to characterize and model the signals when radar platforms are mobile or airborne radar. The statistical characteristics of radar signal dynamically changing difficult to fit into statistical model. The Transmitter(Tx)-Receiver(Rx) pair in this case is taken on aircraft or airborne. Such that Airborne radar with multiple receiver on different set of UAVs. Stealth aircraft design has proven to be one of the most effective approaches to hide the target from radar systems. Hence the radar systems based on Bi-static, Multi-static and multi-dynamic concept attracted to ensure the detection of such targets. In this paper the system geometry of Bi-static is considered and simulated with all possible radar performance parameters. One of the key problems in the multi-dynamic radar system is the identification of a particular transmitter signal or transmitted waveform parameters. Primary Radar and Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR) or Identification of friend or foe(IFF) radar both work in conjunction for respective non-cooperative and cooperative targets. A method is proposed in which SSR or IFF waveforms is used for Transmitter identity for Primary Radar waveform assumed to be having common scheduler. Target skin echo is detected for using SSR waveform to decipher the waveform ID of radar waveform. In Mode S mark XII IFF interrogating waveform frame format consists of 56 bits in this 4 bits (10–13) used as interrogator identifier and 16 bits (17–32) used to keep as spare bits. In the proposed method, spare 16 bits are utilized to send the encoded Transmitted waveform identity. it is required to estimate the Transmitter waveform identity as well as to validate with the interrogator identifier. Reed Muller algorithm is used for encoding the Transmitter waveform. These 56 bits are used towards transmission using Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The transponder/receiver will demodulate and decipher the received signals using standard Hadamard algorithm to estimate the interrogator identity. The simulation is made and projected results show that it is possible to estimate the correct Transmitter waveform with up to 2–3 bits error. Since, Probability of Detection(Pd) depends on noise level and also received signal's SNR is estimated in the proposed work using two standard algorithms which are iterative maximum likelihood criterion based.

Target detection with transmitters identity waveform for multi-dynamic radar scenario

In recent years, multi-static radar system has gained importance due to its improved coverage area. This radar system is an extension of mono-static radar system with better and wider detection coverage area. This system has enhanced detection capability against stealth targets and it also overcomes unwanted interferences due to electronic counter measures. This paper analyses the geometrical coverage area of the bi-static and multi-static radar system depicting the contour ranges based on the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). One of the key problems in the multi-static system is the identification of a particular transmitter signal from a mixture of signals. A novel method is proposed in which a transmitter identity code is made embedded with Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) transmitted signal. A four bit transmitter identity is converted in to 12 bit code and then XORed with a Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence of twelve bits. The resultant bits are then modulated with LFM using Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK) technique. Echo signals received with transmitter identity are identified through spectral analysis. The target parameters like delay, bi-static angle and range pertaining to a single target are then estimated geometrically with reference to the transmitter separately and the consecutive ranges (R tx1 , R tx2 R tx3 , …) are fused using a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) technique. The simulation results include the coverage area analysis for the mono-static, bi-static and multi-static radar systems along with the detection and tracking of the target.

Novel techniques for target detection with waveform identity in multi-static radar using bi-static configuration

Multi-Static-Radar (MSR) systems are emerging technology due to exploitation of spatial diversity nature, offering improved Performance for various configuration of deployment of vis a vis mono-static radar. The deployment challenges becomes more difficult when all radar are considered as airborne radar and creates scenario of Multi-Dynamic radar(MDR). The radar signal characteristics for MDR scenario dynamically changing based on geometrical configuration. The Transmit and Receive pairs in MDR case is considered on moving airborne-platform such that Airborne radar with multiple receiver(Rx) mounted on different Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), such configuration considered as Multi-dynamic radar for airborne surveillance systems. Space Time Adaptive Processing(STAP) is considered as multi-dimensional adaptive-filtering algorithms that simultaneously combine and process the signals received from the array elements (spatial domain) and multiple pulses (Temporal domain) of coherent radar waveform to suppress the interference. STAP for multi-dynamic radar scenario improve detection of stealth or low rcs targets obscured by mainlobe clutter and jamming environments as detection performance depends on Receivers coordinated network. A typical interference scenario involves the detection of a low rcs targets(SNR) in the presence of a large interfering signal, it is desirable to attenuate the interfering signal while preserving the integrity of low rcs target and an appropriate dynamic range. This paper discusses the reduced rank algorithm to reduce the rank of sample covariance matrix in sample starved homogeneous environment. The two solutions namely, multi-stage Weiner filter and Principal Component (PC) have been shown. Keywords: Bi-static Radar, Multi-dynamic Radar, Multi-static Radar, STAP, clutter, jammer, MWF, PC.

S Christopher

Papers

Target detection with transmitters identity waveform for multi-dynamic radar scenario

Novel techniques for target detection with waveform identity in multi-static radar using bi-static configuration

Design of Ambiguity Function for Multi-Dynamic Radar extension of Multi-Static Radar

STAP Based Detector for Multi-Dynamic Radar in Homogeneous Clutter Scenario