The aim of the present study was to assess the antimicrobial activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) extract (50% ethanol) and its oil, and to compare their effectiveness against ten bacteria (seven Gram-positive and three Gram-negative) and seven fungi by agar well diffusion assays. Cinnamon oil exhibited a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity, as compared to its extract, by inhibiting both bacteria and fungi. The oil was found to be very effective with a lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25% (v/v) against Bacillus sp.,Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli and Klebsiella sp.  Amongst the fungi, Rhizomucorsp. was found to be highly sensitive to the oil.  Therefore, this study shows that cinnamon oil is a more potent antimicrobial agent than cinnamon extract and that it has the potential to be used as food biopreservative.

	 

	Key words: Antimicrobial, cinnamon, biopreservative, food borne pathogens, agar well diffusion, essential oil.

/pdf/comparative-analysis-of-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-1tz8suaw9u.pdf

Comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil and cinnamon extract on some food-borne microbes

Mushrooms are the higher fungi which have long been used for food and medicinal purposes. They have rich nutritional value with high protein content (up to 44.93%), vitamins, minerals, fibers, trace elements and low calories and lack cholesterol. There are 14,000 known species of mushrooms of which 2,000 are safe for human consumption and about 650 of these possess medicinal properties. Among the total known mushrooms, approximately 850 species are recorded from India. Many of them have been used in food and folk medicine for thousands of years. Mushrooms are also sources of bioactive substances including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antitumour, anti-HIV and antidiabetic activities. Nutriceuticals and medicinal mushrooms have been used in human health development in India as food, medicine, minerals among others. The present review aims to update the current status of mushrooms diversity in India with their nutritional and medicinal potential as well as ethnomedicinal uses for different future prospects in pharmaceutical application.

	Key words: Mushroom diversity, nutritional value, therapeutic potential, bioactive compound.

/pdf/diversity-nutritional-composition-and-medicinal-potential-of-1jqhjw4p1a.pdf

Diversity, nutritional composition and medicinal potential of Indian mushrooms: A review

The antimicrobial properties of ethanol, hot and cold extracts of some mushroom species (Russula vesca, Auricularia auricular, Pleurotus squarrosulus, Volvariaella vulvae) on some Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi), Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and yeast (Candida albicans) were investigated. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was evaluated for each of extracts of the mushrooms. Antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion.  The hot water extracts of R. vesca inhibited growth of E. coli, S.typhi, P. mirabilis and C. albicans. Ethanolic extract of A. auricular showed wide spectrum of antimicrobial effect against test organisms with the exception of S. typhi andP. aeruginosa. P. squarrosulus showed antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae(6.14 mm), S. pneumoniae (5.12 mm), and C. albicans (4.10). P. aeruginosa was resistant to almost all extracts of the four species of mushroom except the hot water extract of P. squarrosulus which showed zone of inhibition (3.41 mm). V. vulvae showed antimicrobial activity against S. typhi (4.60 mm). Ethanol and hot water extracts of most of the mushroom species contained more bioactive substance than cold water extract. The significance of antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts was compared with the standard antibiotics (gentamicin, 5 µg/disc) using chi – square. There were significant difference between the mean zone of inhibition of the ethanol extract of P. squarrosulusand the standard antibiotic against test organisms at 5% level. The results obtained in this study suggest that P. squarrosulus possessed broad-spectrum of activity against microbial isolates used.

	 

	Key words: Mushroom, antimicrobial, phytochemicals, bacteria, yeast.

/pdf/antimicrobial-activity-of-some-local-mushrooms-on-pathogenic-1zo6p34e2j.pdf

Antimicrobial activity of some local mushrooms on pathogenic isolates

The fruit bodies of three Ganoderma species namely G. lucidium, G. applanatum and G. australe were collected from the decaying logs within the University of Ibadan Botanical Gardens .Invitro antagonistic effect of the ethanol, methanol and distilled water extracts of these macro fungi were tested against some disease causing microorganisms. Both crude and pure extracts of these Ganoderma species exhibited various degree of inhibition against the test organisms. The widest inhibitory zone (20.3mm) were obtained with the crude methanolic extract of G. lucidium against Proteus mirabilis while the highest in-vitro antifungal activity (24.3mm) was observed in the crude ethanolic extracts of G. lucidium against A spergillus niger. The lowest zone of inhibition (2.3mm) was demonstrated with the aqueous extract of G. australe against Escherichia coli and 2.7mm with purified extract of G. australe against Penicillum oxalium . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the ethanol extract ranged between 1.7 and 5.0mg/ml for bacteria and between 2.0 and 6.0mg/ml for fungi. The implications of these findings were discussed. Key Word: Ganodermaspecies,Antimicrobial potentials,microorganisms, extraction, Botanical Gardens

/pdf/studies-on-antimicrobial-potentials-of-three-ganoderma-45wi0wti83.pdf

Studies on Antimicrobial Potentials of three Ganoderma species

Purpose: To evaluate the antibacterial potentials of fourteen ethnobotanically selected plants traditionally used in different parts of Cote d’Ivoire for the treatment of typhoid fever and gastrointestinal disorders. Method: The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the plant was tested against a collection strain of Salmonella typhimurium, a clinical strain of Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by macrobroth dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Results: All the plants had bactericidal activity against at least one of the test microorganisms with both MIC and MBC ranging from 2.5 to > 80 mg/ml. Among the plant extracts, Terminalia glaucescens . (Combretaceae) Bersama abyssinica subsp. paullinioides (Melianthaceae ) and Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) showed the most promising broad spectrum antibacterial properties, inhibiting all of the strains tested, especially S. Typhi and P. aeruginosa , with MBC ranging from 2.5 to 5 mg/ml. Conclusion: The findings provide support for the use of these plants in traditional medicine for treatment of typhoid fever and gastrointestinal disorders, and are thus, potential sources of drugs that would need to be subjected to further studies. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Ivorian medicinal plants, MIC, MBC.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-antibacterial-activity-of-14-medicinal-1y15wnftps.pdf

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of 14 Medicinal Plants in Côte d’Ivoire

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/1582/1/md03015.pdf

S. G. Jonathan

Papers

Original Article - ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF TWO NIGERIAN EDIBLE MACRO-FUNGILYCOPERDON PUSILUM (Bat. Ex) AND LYCOPERDON GIGANTEUM (Pers.)