Statement of problem. One common test of single-unit restorations involves applying loads to clinically realistic specimens through spherical indenters, or equivalently, loading curved incisal edges against flat compression platens. As knowledge has become available regarding clinical failure mechanisms and the behavior of in vitro tests, it is possible to constructively question the clinical validity of such failure testing and to move toward developing more relevant test methods. Purpose. This article reviewed characteristics of the traditional load-to-failure test, contrasted these with characteristics of clinical failure for all-ceramic restorations, and sought to explain the discrepancies. Literature regarding intraoral conditions was reviewed to develop an understanding of how laboratory testing could be revised. Variables considered to be important in simulating clinical conditions were described, along with their recent laboratory evaluation. Conclusions. Traditional fracture tests of single unit all-ceramic prostheses are inappropriate, because they do not create failure mechanisms seen in retrieved clinical specimens. Validated tests are needed to elucidate the role(s) that cement systems, bonding, occlusion, and even metal copings play in the success of fixed prostheses and to make meaningful comparisons possible among novel ceramic and metal substructures. Research over the past 6 years has shown that crack systems mimicking clinical failure can be produced in all-ceramic restorations under appropriate conditions. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;81:652-61.)

Clinically relevant approach to failure testing of all-ceramic restorations.

Reduction in tooth stiffness as a result of endodontic and restorative procedures.

Texture of fresh fruit

The integration of two closed mechanical loops was used to produce a force-movement cycle, using servo-hydraulics. Several of the parameters were of interest in clinically-simulated laboratory studies. The system represented the first phase in developing an artificial oral environment.

Development of an Artificial Oral Environment for the Testing of Dental Restoratives: Bi-axial Force and Movement Control

A classification of dental composites according to their morphological and mechanical characteristics

In normal chewing the forces exerted on the occlusal surface seldom exceeded 10 to 15 pounds, as recorded by an eight-channel force transmitter in a removable fixed partial denture. Ninety-five percent of forces were less than 3.5 pounds for subject A, 2.0 pounds for subject B, and 10.0 pounds for subject C. The chewing frequency and the places of maximal force on the occlusal surface were relatively constant. The electromyographic chewing patterns could be considered normal in all circumstances. There was a remarkable statistically significant day-to-day variation in force values. The forces also changed for different kinds of food. The differences between maximum and minimum force values were highest in voluntary, nonfunctional movements.

S. Holden

Papers

Functional occlusal forces: an investigation by telemetry.

Functional occlusal forces under anesthesia.