Lawsonia inermis L. (henna): ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects.

Synthesis and characterization of seaweed cellulose derived carboxymethyl cellulose

Ethnobotanical survey of Purulia district, West Bengal, India for medicinal plants used against gastrointestinal disorders.

Objective
To reveal the antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted different cold organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis (L. against) some pathogenic bacteria.

Antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. from Jaffna.

From an ancient tool to a modern way of improving oral health, miswak (chewing stick) has proven to be an effective tool for oral health. The miswak removes the bacterial plaque by mechanical and chemical actions. It provides a cheap and easily accessible way of improving oral health of the individuals and populations. The use of miswak was promoted centuries ago by Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him). In the modern era, the beneficial role of using miswak such as antiseptic, antimicrobial, anticariogenic and analgesic effects have been proven scientifically. This article reviews the various oral health benefits of miswak in the light of religious, scientific and social evidences.

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Role of Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak): A natural toothbrush for holistic oral health.

The ethnobotanical efficacy of Indian medicinal plants; Achyranthes aspera, Artemisia parviflora, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantean, Lawsonia inermis, Mimosa pudica, Ixora coccinea, Parthenium hysterophorus and Chromolaena odorata were examined using agar disc diffusion method against clinical bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and phytopathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Ralstonia solanacearum). Leaves were extracted using different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. Among treatments, maximum in vitro inhibition was scored in methanol extracts of C. odorata which offered inhibition zone of 10, 9, 12 and 12 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, X. vesicatoria and R. solanaccearum, respectively, followed by chloroform extract of the same plant leaf with inhibition zone of 8, 4, 4 and 4 mm, respectively. A significant inhibition of E. coli was found in aqueous and in all tested solvent extracts of A. indica. In case of S. aureus, maximum inhibition of 8 mm was obtained in aqueous extracts of A. indica and 6 mm from methanol extract of L. inermis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for the clinical bacteria ranged between 0.35 to 4.0 mg/ml and 0.25 to 4.0 mg/ml for phytopathogenic bacteria when tested with all four solvents extracts of C. odorata. Whereas, extracts of A. aspera, A. parviflora, C. gigantean, L. inermis, M. pudica and I. coccinea were found to be ineffective or showed poor inhibition on tested human and phytopathogenic bacteria.

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Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plants against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria

Solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform with extracts of Chromolaena odorata were tested against clinical bacteria ( Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus ) and phytopathogenic bacteria ( Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Ralstonia solanacearum ). Among treatments, maximum In vitro inhibition was scored in methanol extracts of C. odorata which offered inhibition zone of 8mm, 7mm, 5mm and 7mm against tested bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, X. vesicatoria and R. solanaccearum, respectively . Further, ethyl-acetate and hexane extracts of C. odorata on TLC produced 9 spots with varied level of inhibition. Partially purified compound from TLC (band 2) showed maximum inhibition against tested bacteria. The promising anti-microbial compound from ethyl-acetate and hexane extracts (5:5) of C. odorata was further purified using column chromatography which recorded 11mm, 10mm, 9mm and 7mm against E. coli, S. aureus, X. vesicatoria and R. solanaccearum, respectively . The minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC) value for clinical bacteria was ranged between 0.35 to 4.0 mg/ml and 0.25 to 4.0 mg/ml for phytopathogenic bacteria. HPLC chromatogram showed only one peak, where the retention time was 21.775 min. Structure of the anti-microbial compound was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra ( FTIR) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography mass spectra (LC-MS). The structure of anti-microbial compound found to be phenolic groups. LC-MS spectrum of methanolic extract of C. odorata compound exhibiting intense peak at m/z 301.3109 and the molecular weight of the compound was probably m/z 437.4129.

Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from Chromolaena odorata

Agriculture sector plays a crucial role in the development of the economic system for developing countries. Useful insights extracted from agricultural data would lead to a better economy in the upcoming future. It is hard to manually look for the ripened fruits for harvesting in a farmland of a big area. Automated image-based methods to identify the presence of fruits on a tree and determine the number of fruits present on the tree is a challenging problem. MangoNet architecture performs well in detecting the mangoes invariant. The proposed work improves the efficiency of the model by optimizing the dropout rate of the MangoNet architecture. Harris Hawks Swarm Optimization (HHO) algorithm is developed to tune the dropout rate of the model. The dropout rate is optimized using HHO in the architecture to avoid overfitting problem. The proposed method is compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and BAT algorithm (BA) which underestimate uncertainty. The simulation results exhibit improved accuracy over 80% when compared to other existing methods considered in this study. We show theoretically that this gives us the ability to capture uncertainty better than existing methods. 

S. K. Fathima

Papers

Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Indian medicinal plants against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria

Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from Chromolaena odorata

An Improved MangoNet Architecture Using Harris Hawks Optimization for Fruit Classification with Uncertainty Estimation