Simultaneous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using multiplex PCR was conducted to clarify the interaction between Opiinae associated with Bactrocera
 carambolae, B. papayae, and B cucurbitae. We sequenced and characterized a dual-band target detected on Opiinae DNA fragments by using two combination pairs of universal primers on two molecular markers, namely cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b. Additionally, each Bactrocera species was identified by amplifying the COI region. Sequence data obtained from multiplex PCR seemed very effective in confirming species-level distinction that has been shown in tree topology. We conducted phylogenetic analyses prior to clarification of the interaction among three taxa levels. Interestingly, the sequences obtained from the simultaneous PCR successfully differentiated between six closely related Opiinae species in three genera, which could potentially be mass-reared as biocontrol agents of bactroceran fruit flies that infest several species of fruit. We discovered, proved, and added molecular data to clarify the interaction between Opiinae parasitoids, their host (Bactrocera spp.), and associated plants species. Psyttalia fletcheri parasitizing Bactrocera cucurbitae, which infests the ridge gourd fruit, has been added as a new record from Malaysia. This information would be extremely useful in taxonomic identification of species as part of an effective method in biological control program of the targeted fruit fly pests and their associated crops.

Dual-target detection using simultaneous amplification of PCR in clarifying interaction between Opiinae species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting several crops

Work is part of life and today's work culture is characterized by uncertainties and long working hours. There is paucity of time for people to attend to their personal issues. Hence, having a balanced approach to life has become an important buzz word for organizations and employees. In this study, the researchers have made an attempt to find the level of Work/Life Balance of the employees of manufacturing and Information Technology (IT) sector. A scale to assess the work/life balance, developed by Pareek and Purohit (2010), has been administered on 200 employees of three manufacturing and IT companies to measure the work/life balance. A positive Work/Life Balance exists among employees of both manufacturing and IT companies.

S. K. Nireekshan Singh Gowgi

Papers

Work/life balance of employees of manufacturing and information technology sector