Pests of Rice

Simple Summary Since ancient times, people have used insects, such as scale insects (lac dye, resin, and wax), honey bees (honey and wax), and silkworms (silk), to make natural products in many ways. Lac is the only natural raw material derived from insects, being obtained from several species of the genus Kerria. Lac is commercially cultivated in southeastern Asian countries, including China (Kerria yunnanensis), India (K. lacca), Thailand (K. chinensis), and Myanmar (K. nepalensis). It is non-toxic, insulating, moisture-resistant, adhesive, tasteless, and has a smooth texture. Lac has been historically employed to finish a small number of products, but it is currently used in various fields. In this review, we mainly focus on the importance of lac genes that are responsible for lac secretion. In addition, information gaps, potential future research directions, and areas that require further research are highlighted. Abstract In the current era, products made from organic materials enjoy a privileged position because of their inherent safety. The eco-friendly properties of natural lac resins have increased their demand in many industries. It is secreted by sucking insects (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) and comprises three major components, viz., resin, dye, and wax. Lac insects are generally bivoltine in nature and are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with complex multi-trophic habitats. Because of their sedentary habits, lac insects are more vulnerable to predators, parasitoids, squirrels, and rats, leading to a more than 50% reduction in production yield. To increase lac production, advanced-level molecular research is required to figure out the mechanism behind lac synthesis and secretion to improve lac yield and quality. The present review highlights metamorphosis, sexual dimorphism, multi-trophic habitat, host plants, and natural enemies of lac insects, lac composition, and applications, emphasizing the role of microbes, potential lac genes, and lac synthesis mechanisms in enhancing lac quality and production. The information provided here might be useful for lac researchers and for stakeholders aiming to make their products more eco-friendly.

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Unraveling the Role of Lac Insects in Providing Natural Industrial Products

Biology of Chrysopa scelestes Banks (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The study on life cycle duration of lac insect revealed a minimum duration of 149 days during summer 2016 and the highest of 199 days during winter 2017. Variation of life span was more in Kerria lacca 149-199 days but in the case of K. chinensis, life span varied from 155-194 days. The correlation analysis of weather parameters with life cycle duration of lac insect showed a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.85**) with morning relative humidity and significant negative correlation (r = -0.68*) with total rainfall. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that total rainfall, maximum temperature, bright sunshine hours, morning and evening relative humidity were the major weather parameters which affected the life cycle duration of Kerria spp and these five weather parameters exhibited the highest Adjusted Coefficient of Determination of 86.37 per cent and explained 93.94 per cent of the total variation occurring in the crop growth period.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue3/PartI/7-2-246-784.pdf

Effect of weather parameters on life cycle duration of lac insect (Kerria spp.) (Kerridae: Hemiptera)

Climate Change and Global Insect Dynamics

In India, Madhya Pradesh is the third largest lac producing state after Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, as they contribute 12, 16 and 60%, respectively in total countryâ€™s lac production Lac is produced in ten out of eleven agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh In total lac production of the state, Baisakhi (Butea monosperma, inoculated in October-November) crop contributes 76% followed by 19% by Katki (Butea monosperma, inoculated in June-July), 3% by Aghani (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in June-July) and 2% by Jethwi (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in January-February) Ranchi was leading lac producing district followed by Simdega, Gumla, Khunti of Jharkhand and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh Increasing summer temperature up to 45 â°C, the countryâ€™s lac production was declined from 20,050 tons in 2003-04 to 16978 tons in 2014-15 In case of biotic factors, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae and Tetrastichus purpureus are the most abundant lac associated parasites and Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea are the most destructive key predators of lac insects By combating these hindrances, lac cultivation generated an employment for 16-160 man days Lac cultivation produces maximum gross return (Rs 9,77,600) from 100 Kusum host plants, and the highest Benefit-Cost (680) ratio was recorded for Ber-kusumi (Ziziphus mauritiana- Schleichera oleosa) crop in Ranchi, Jharkhand In this context, the study finds out obstacles in lac production of India and suggests some control measures to improve lac producing peoplesâ€™ livelihood

https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/1761/1648

Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview

An experiment was conducted at Regional Agriculture Research Station, College of
Agriculture, Waraseoni, Bagalaght, Madhya Pradesh during the 2014-15 to study on
the evaluation of Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG for the management of stem borer
(Scirpophaga incertulasWalker), leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee), gall
midge (Orseolia oryzaeWood Mason), leaf hoppers viz., green leaf hopper (Nephotettix
virescens Distant), brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal), in rice crop.
Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG used in the experiment was different doses i.e. @ 20 g
a.i. /ha, 25 g a.i. /ha, 30 g a.i. /ha, 50 g a.i. /ha, and 100 g a.i. /ha, with insecticidal
check Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha. Two sprays of insecticides were applied
at fifteen days interval. The most effective dose of thiomethoxam 25 per cent WG in
controlling the rice insect pests was 50 g. a.i./ha followed by 30 g a.i. /ha and 25 g a.i.
/ha. Per cent reduction of insect pests over untreated plot after final sprays was followed
this order of efficacy: Thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha> 100 g a.i. /ha, >
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 30 ml a.i./ha.. Highest cost benefit ratio (1:21.69) was observed
in thiamethoxam 50 per cent WG @ 20 g a.i. /ha.
How to view point the article : Panse, Raju Kumar, Bhandarkar, A.P. and Rajak, S.K. (2016).
Evaluation of thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG against major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 551-555, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/9.2/551-555.

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S. K. Rajak

Papers

Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview

Evaluation of thiamethoxam 25 per cent WG against major insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.)