Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Piper longum leaf extracts and its cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 cell line

Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.

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Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (Black pepper): A review

Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the present investigation, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf and stem extract of Piper nigrum. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of the peak at 460 nm in the UV-vis spectra for leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. Further, XRD analysis has been carried out to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The TEM images show that the leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the size of about 7–50 nm and 9–30 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis was performed to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined against agricultural plant pathogens. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles is a beneficial application in the field of agricultural nanotechnology.

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Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens.

Natural colorants from plant-based materials have gained increasing popularity due to health consciousness of consumers. Among the many steps involved in the production of natural colorants, pigment extraction is one of the most important. Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and hydrodistillation are conventional methods that have been widely used in industry and laboratory for such a purpose. Recently, various non-conventional methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed-electric field extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction have emerged as alternatives to conventional methods due to the advantages of the former in terms of smaller solvent consumption, shorter extraction time, and more environment-friendliness. Prior to the extraction step, pretreatment of plant materials to enhance the stability of natural pigments is another important step that must be carefully taken care of. In this paper, a comprehensive review of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods for chlorophylls, carotenoids, betalains, and anthocyanins, which are major classes of plant pigments, is provided by using pigment stability and extraction yield as assessment criteria.

Natural Colorants: Pigment Stability and Extraction Yield Enhancement via Utilization of Appropriate Pretreatment and Extraction Methods

Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants: Focus on Piper species

Many plant derived molecules have shown a promising effect in therapeutics. Among the plants investigated to date, one showing enormous potential is the Piperaceae. Piperine is an alkaloid found naturally in plants belonging to the pyridine group of Piperaceae family, such as Piper nigrum and Piper longum. It is widely used in various herbal cough syrups and it is also used in anti inflammatory, anti malarial, anti leukemia treatment. So the present study was aimed to extract the phytochemical compounds in different solvent system in P.longum, P. nigrum and Piper cubeba. In preliminary screening and confirmatory test it was identified as alkaloid. The methanol extract of P. nigrum, P. longumand ethanol extract of P. nigrum and ethyl acetate extract of P. cubeba showed good result in TLC so these extracts were taken for HPTLC analysis. In HPTLC analysis of P. nigrum sample showed six alkaloid bands, two alkaloid bands were similar to Piperine standard 1 and 2, the other alkaloid may be piperidine, piperettine and piperanine. In P. longum sample contain three alkaloid bands one band was similar to Piperine standard 1, the other may be piperlongumine and piperlonguminine and no alkaloid band was found in P. cubeba. The anti bacterial was tested against gram positive and negative organism using agar well diffusion method. High activity was found in P. nigrum ethanol extract against the organismSalmonella typii. The alkaloid piperdine was purified by refluxion method to check the antitumour activity which shows 51.38% of inhibition at 5 µg/ml concentration that conforms the compound piperidine to be used as anticancer drug for further mechanistic works.

	 

	Key words: Alkaloids, piperine, HPTLC, antibacterial activity, purification, piperidine, HEp2 cell lines.

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Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity.

The fruit of Basella alba is often considered as waste so the study was aimed at exploring the feasibility of using the fruit as natural colorant using acidified methanol extraction. The extracted betacyanin pigments then were exposed to number of environmental conditions, which could destabilize the betacyanin molecules. These environmental conditions were included fourteen different pHs, various temperatures and presence or absence of light. The temperature stability of the betacyanin extract was calculated by reaction velocity constants (k) as well as the half-life time (t1/2). The results of the study showed that increasing in pH, temperature or exposure to light is able to spoil the betacyanin molecule. Copigmentation of betacyanin resulting in increase in both hypochromic effects and bathochromic shifts. Basella alba betacyanin extract was more stable at pH 4.1 and 6.0, temperature at 10° C, 20° C and 30° C both in the presence and absence of light. The results shows that betacyanin obtained from Basella alba fruit has a high potential to be used as a natural food colorant.

The effect of light, temperature, ph on stability of betacyanin pigments in basella alba fruit

The Erythrina indica is a widely distributed plant. In the present study, Erythrina indica was used as a source for anthocyanin extraction. Anthocyanins are natural pigments, which are responsible for red, purple and blue colours in parts of the plant. It belongs to a major flavonoid class which has strong antioxidant activity. In the present scenario, there is a rising demand for natural sources of food colorants with nutraceutical benefits. So the present research focus on the antioxidant analysis of anthocyanin extracted from Erythrina indica flower petals. Antioxidant assays were performed by DPPH, Superoxide radical and FRAP activity. From the results, it was confirmed that anthocyanin extracted from Erythrina indica has potent antioxidant properties. Finally, ensure that the anthocyanin extracted replace many synthetic colourant and chemical antioxidants.

S. K. Reshmi

Papers

Isolation of piperdine from Piper nigrum and its antiproliferative activity.

The effect of light, temperature, ph on stability of betacyanin pigments in basella alba fruit

Evaluation of Antioxidant and DNA Nicking Potential of Anthocyanin Extracted from Erythrina indica Flower Petals.