Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.

https://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/bhat/ABSTRACTS/AMAR_review_article.pdf

Analytic methods in accident research: Methodological frontier and future directions

http://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/dlord/Papers/Savolainen_et_al._Crash-Severity-Review-Final.pdf

The statistical analysis of highway crash-injury severities: a review and assessment of methodological alternatives.

Road traffic injuries are a major cause of death and disability globally, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. 1 2 Road traffic injuries are currently ranked ninth globally among the leading causes of disability adjusted life years lost, and the ranking is projected to rise to third by 2020.1 In 1998, developing countries accounted for more than 85% of all deaths due to road traffic crashes globally and for 96% of all children killed.2 Moreover, about 90% of the disability adjusted life years lost worldwide due to road traffic injuries occur in developing countries.1 The problem is increasing at a fast rate in developing countries due to rapid motorisation and other factors (fig 1).3 However, public policy responses to this epidemic have been muted at national and international levels. Policy makers need to recognise this growing problem as a public health crisis and design appropriate policy responses.

#### Summary points

Injury and deaths due to road traffic crashes are a major public health problem in developing countries

More than 85% of all deaths and 90% of disability adjusted life years lost from road traffic injuries occur in developing countries

Among children aged 0-4 and 5-14 years, the number of fatalities per 100 000 population in low income countries was about six times greater than in high income countries in 1998

The highest burden of injuries and fatalities is borne disproportionately by poor people in developing countries, as pedestrians, passengers of buses and minibuses, and cyclists



Fig 1 
Trends in fatalities due to road traffic injuries for different regions of the world, 1980-95. Data from Transport Research Laboratory3



Road traffic injuries in developing countries particularly affect the productive (working) age group (15-44 years) and children. (A developing country is defined as a country that has an annual per …

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/324/7346/1139.full.pdf

The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries

Excessive alcohol drinking is the third leading cause of death in the United States, leading to 79,000 premature deaths annually. It is also the cause of increased disease and injury. Although the public health impacts of binge drinking are known, its economic cost has not been assessed for the United States since 1998. Using data from 2006, a new study by Mathematica assessed costs for health care, productivity losses, and other effects, including property damage, from excessive drinking. On a per-capita basis, the economic impact of excessive alcohol consumption is approximately $746 per person, mostly attributable to binge drinking.

Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the US 2006

This report presents the results of an analysis of motor vehicle crash costs in the United State in the year 2000. The total economic cost of motor vehicle crashes in 2000 was $230.6 billion. This represents the present value of lifetime costs for 41,821 fatalities, 5.3 million non-fatal injuries, and 28 million damaged vehicles, in both police-reported and unreported crashes. Lost market productivity accounted for $61 billion of this total, while property damage accounted for nearly as much - $59 billion. Medical expenses totaled $32.6 billion and travel delay accounted for $25.6 billion. Each fatality resulted in an average discounted lifetime cost of $977,000. Public revenues paid for roughly 9% of all motor vehicle crash costs, costing tax payers $21 billion in 2000, the equivalent of over $200 in added taxes for every household in the U.S. Alcohol-involved crashes accounted for $51.1 billion or 22% of all economic costs, and 75% of these costs occurred in crashes where a driver or non-occupant had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .10 or greater. In roughly 80% of these cases, alcohol was the cause of the crash. Crashes in which police indicate that at least one driver was exceeding the legal speed limit or driving too fast for conditions cost $40.4 billion in 2000. Safety belt use prevented 11,900 fatalities, 325,000 serious injuries, and $50 billion in injury related costs in 2000, but the failure of a substantial portion of the driving population to buckle up caused 9,200 unnecessary fatalities, 143,000 serious injuries, and cost society $26 billion in easily preventable injury related costs.

The economic impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2000

Crash costs and safety investment.

Injury crashes cost society more than $34 billion annually. Expending up to $2.3 million to prevent one fatal crash appears to be rational public policy, although the crash costs society only $500,000. Prevention of severe, nonfatal head and spinal cord injuries warrants even larger expenditures. The estimated rational investment to prevent an average nonfatal injury crash is $22,000, while society's cost is $8,000. Rational investment levels for increased safety are estimated by summing the amount individuals typically pay for small increases in their safety and the cost the rest of society bears when someone is killed or injured, including transfer payments.

S Luchter

Papers

The economic impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2000

Crash costs and safety investment.

Crash costs and safety investment